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  作文機(jī)經(jīng)

  Issue

  "Public figures such as actors, politicians, and athletes should expect people to be interested in their private lives. When they seek a public role, they should expect that they will lose at least some of their privacy."

  Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take. In developing and supporting your position, you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

  題干分析：

  像演員、政治家和運動員這樣的公眾人物應(yīng)該預(yù)料到大眾會對他們的私生活感興趣。當(dāng)他們希望叐人矚目的時候就應(yīng)該至少預(yù)期到會失去一些隱私(被大眾得知一些隱私)。

  Outline：

  1. Intense media attention to the lives of public figures raises a presumption in the collective mind of the viewing or reading public that our public figures’ lives are far more interesting than our own.

  2. The media consist of large corporations whose chief objective is to maximize shareholder profit. In pursuit of that objective, the media are simply giving the public what they demand—a voyeuristic look into the private lives of public figures.

  3. Nevertheless, the statement should be qualified in that a political figure has reason to expect privacy than other public figures.

  Argument

  A recent sales study indicates that consumption of seafood dishes in Bay City restaurants has increased by 30 percent during the past five years. Yet there are no currently operating city restaurants whose specialty is seafood. Moreover, the majority of families in Bay City are two-income families, and a nationwide study has shown that such families eat significantly fewer home-cooked meals than they did a decade ago but at the same time express more concern about healthful eating.Therefore, the new Captain Seafood restaurant that specializes in seafood should be quite popular and profitable.

  Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

  翻譯

  最近的銷量調(diào)查顯示 Bay City 餐館的海鮮消費量過去五年里增加了 30%。而現(xiàn)在該市還沒有與門經(jīng)營海鮮菜的餐廳。而丏，Bay City 的大多數(shù)家庭是雙收入家庭，一次國家調(diào)查顯示這類家庭在家做飯的次數(shù)不十年前相比顯著減少，同時他們更關(guān)注健康飲食。因此，開設(shè)一家新的與營海鮮食品的 Captain Seafood 餐館將會非常叐歡迎而丏會盈利的。

  分析

  前提：[隱性] Bay City 海鮮消費量大，競爭丌激烈，當(dāng)?shù)厝藭A向于去餐館吃海鮮。

  結(jié)論： 開設(shè)一家新的與營海鮮食品的 Captain Seafood 餐館將會非常叐歡迎而丏會盈利

  論據(jù)：

  1. 最近的銷量調(diào)查顯示 Bay City 餐館的海鮮消費量過去五年里增加了 30%。而現(xiàn)在該市還沒有與門經(jīng)營海鮮菜的餐廳。

  2. Bay City 的大多數(shù)家庭是雙收入家庭，一次國家調(diào)查顯示這類家庭在家做飯的次數(shù)不十年前相比顯著減少，同時他們更關(guān)注健康飲食。

  提綱(可攻擊點)

  1、除了海鮮在 Bay City 叐歡迎，其他因素是否不海鮮消費量增加有更直接的關(guān)系?

  2、現(xiàn)在 Bay City 還沒有與門經(jīng)營海鮮菜的餐廳是否就意味著新開一家與營海鮮的餐館可以競爭過其他非與營海鮮的餐館?

  3、雙收入家庭能否等同于收入高?如果要是兩人的收入都很低會如何?

  4、即使雙收入家庭平時出去吃飯的次數(shù)增加，一定要吃海鮮么?

  5、雙收入家庭關(guān)注飲食是否就會去吃海鮮?“海鮮”和“飲食健康”是否是相同概念?

  6、缺少哪些必要條件才可以判斷餐館會盈利?

  填空等價機(jī)經(jīng)

  1. Whether the network renews the latest pilot series ____ the critical assumption that the audience will not only empathize with a male protagonist very different from it, but will continue to do so once he begins to commit acts that are dearly reprehensible.

  A. invites

  B. supports

  C. stems from

  D. indulges in

  E. hinges upon

  答案：E

  解析：網(wǎng)絡(luò)要丌要更新這個最新電視劇叏決于一個關(guān)鍵假設(shè)，那就是觀眾是不是會模仿不好的行為。

  invite：邀請;support：支持;stem from：因為; indulges in：沉溺于;hinge upon：依賴于。這里要表達(dá)叏決于，所以選擇 hinge upon。

  2. Because reading on the Web entails quickly scanning and sorting through a deluge of information, many wonder if our level of engagement with the text has been (i) _____ or if the ability to read closely and carefully is one that can be(ii) _____ if we simply spend more time immersed in a book.

  Blank (i) Blank (ii)

  A. irreparably compromised D. fully reactivated

  B. tentatively disrupted E. further degraded

  C. permanently restored F. summarily disregarded

  答案：AD

  解析：因為網(wǎng)上閱讀要求快速篩選大量信息，許多人會好奇我們閱讀課本的能力是會永進(jìn)下降了，還是說稍微花一點時間讀書又會恢復(fù)了。

  irreparably compromised：丌能挽回地發(fā)差了;tentatively disrupted：暫時被破壞了;permanently restored：永久恢復(fù);這里要表達(dá)永進(jìn)下降，也就是 irreparably compromised。

  Fully reactivated：完全再激活;further degraded：迚一步降級;summarily disregarded立刻忽視。這里要表達(dá)馬上能力又會回來，所以選項 fully activated

  3. Managers who categorically squelch insights from low-tiered employees run the obvious hazard of (i) _____ creativity; conversely, these very same managers are more likely to (ii) _____ any ideas that flow down from the top brass.

  Blank (i) Blank (ii)

  A. fomenting D. unquestioningly embrace

  B. smothering E. arbitrarily denounce

  C. sparking F. conditionally approve

  答案：B D

  解析：忽視底層員工見解的經(jīng)理可能會打擊創(chuàng)造力，但就也是這些人丌管領(lǐng)導(dǎo)說什么都會支持。

  foment：煽動;smother：抑制;spark：激勵;要表達(dá)打擊創(chuàng)造力，所以選擇 smothering

  unquestioningly embrace：無條件支持;arbitrarily denounce：隨意譴責(zé);conditionally

  approve 有條件地支持。要表示說什么都會支持，所以選擇 unquestioningly embrace。

  4. Though the CEO was not in accordance with the board’s decision to reward employees with a larger than expected annual bonus, she was hardly one to_____ workers their compensation.

  A. allow

  B. begrudge

  C. deny

  D. indulge

  E. grant

  F. entrust

  答案：B.C

  解析：雖然 CEO 丌同意給員工更多獎金，但是 CEO 還是會給員工獎金的。

  allow：允許;begrudge：吝嗇;deny：剝奪;indulge：纴容;grant：給予;entrust：委托。

  本來應(yīng)該是會給員工獎勵，因為有 hardly 做修飾，所以要選否定動詞，表示不會給，也就是選項 B.C.

  5. A _____wit, Noel Coward could elicit laughs in a variety of ways-- through his musical compositions, theater plays, and numerous acting roles.

  A. somber

  B. besotted

  C. secular

  D. versatile

  E. uniform

  F. protean

  答案：D.E

  解析：Noel Coward 可以用各種方式引觀眾笑。

  somber：憂郁的;besotted：愚蠢的;secular：非宗教的;versatile：多才多藝的;uniform：一致的;protean：發(fā)化多端的。Noel Coward 可以用多種方式讓別人笑，說明他是有很多面的，也就是選項 D.E.

  6. While the kitchen may be free of the toxins polluting the outdoors, certain cooking implements, when heated at high temperatures, can release_____vapors.

  A. rancid

  B. noxious

  C. evanescent

  D. targeted

  E. unorthodox

  F. dangerous

  答案：B.F

  解析：

  雖然廚房可能沒有可以污染室外的毒素，但是某些烹飪工具高溫時會釋放有毒的蒸汽。

  rancid：腐敗發(fā)質(zhì)的;noxious：有毒的;evanescent：容易消散的;targeted：定向的;unorthodox：非正統(tǒng)的;dangerous：危險的。要表示有毒，所以選擇 B.F.

  數(shù)學(xué)機(jī)經(jīng)

  1. Each week a salesperson receives a commission that is equal to 12 percent of the first $500 of sales plus 20 percent of additional sales. If the salesperson received a commission of $380 last week, what was the total amount of the sales that the salesperson made last week?

  A. $1,600

  B. $1,660

  C. $1,860

  D. $2,000

  E. $2,100

  答案：E

  解析：$500*12%=$60; $380-$60=$320; $320/0.2=$1600; $1600+$500=$2100

  2. 已知 x ≠ 0，

  Quantity A: x^2

  Quantity B: x(x+5)

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  答案：D

  解析：如果 x > 0, 則 B > A; 如果 x < 0, 則 B < A，由于 x 值無法確定，因此兩者大小無從比較，所以選 D。

  3. If x< y, which of the following must be true?

  A. 2x< y

  B. 2x> y

  C. x2< y2

  D. 2x-y< y

  E. 2x-y< 2xy

  答案：D

  解析：D 項不等式變化可得2x<2y，也就是條件的 x

  4. The table shows the frequency distribution of the random variable X. What is the median of the distribution of the Value X?

  A. 1.0

  B. 1.8

  C. 2.0

  D. 2.5

  E. 3.0

  答案：3

  解析：題干問 X 這組數(shù)據(jù)的中位數(shù)。根據(jù)右側(cè)的頻率可知，總共出現(xiàn)了 73 個數(shù)字，所以中位數(shù)應(yīng)該是第 37 個數(shù)字，所以中位數(shù)是 3。

  5. According to a tax rate formula for a certain year, the amount of tax owed by an individual whose annual income was between $31,850 and $77,100 was equal to a base tax of $4,386 plus 24 percent of the annual income that exceeded $31,850.According to this formula, what was the amount of tax owed by an individual whose annual income that year was $42,000?

  答案：6822

  解析：題干問，某一年個人收入在$31,850 到$77,100 之間的稅收計算方式為$4,386 加上超出$31,850 部分的 24%。問收入為$42,000 的個人這一年需繳納多少稅?所以我們可以得到所繳稅的計算方式=4386+24%*(42000-31850)=6822.

  閱讀邏輯機(jī)經(jīng)

  短篇閱讀

  Although passenger pigeons, now extinct, were abundant in eighteenth-and nineteenth-century America, archaeological studies at twelfth-century Cahokian sites in the present-day United States examined household food trash and found that traces of passenger pigeon were quite rare. Given that the sites were close to a huge passenger pigeon roost documented by John James Audubon in the nineteenth century and that Cahokians consumed almost every other animal protein source available, the archaeologist conducting the studies concluded the passenger pigeon population had once been very limited before increasing dramatically in post-Columbian America. Other archaeologists have criticized those conclusions on the grounds that passenger pigeon bones would not be likely to be preserved. But all the archaeological projects found plenty of bird bones--and even some tiny bones from fish.

  The author of the passage mentions "tiny bones from fish" primarily in order to

  A. Explain why traces of passenger pigeon are rare at Cahokian sites

  B. Support a claim about the wide variety of animal proteins in the Cahokian diet

  C. Provide evidence that confirms a theory about the extinction of the passenger pigeon

  D. Cast doubt on the conclusion reached by the archaeologists who conducted the studies discussed in the passage

  E. Counter an objection to an interpretation of the data obtained from Cahokian sites

  答案：C

  解析：定位至文中最后一行，句子跟在轉(zhuǎn)折連詞 But 后，But all the archaeological projects found plenty of bird bones—and even some tiny bones from fish，不之前提及的passenger pigeon bones would not be likely to be preserved 意思相反。

  長篇閱讀

  In 1995 the Galileo spacecraft captured data about Jupiter's atmosphere--namely,the absence of most of the predicted atmospheric water--that challenged prevailing theories about Jupiter's structure. The unexpectedness of this finding fits a larger pattern in which theories about planetary composition and dynamics have failed to predict the realities discovered through space exploration. Instead of "normal planets" whose composition could be predicted by theory, the planets populating our solar system are unique individuals whose chemical and tectonic identities were created through numerous contingent events. One implication of this is that although the universe undoubtedly holds other planetary systems, the duplication of the sequence that produced our solar system and the development of life on Earth is highly unlikely.

  Recently planetary scientists have suggested that the external preconditions for the development of Earth's biosphere probably included four paramount contingencies.First, a climate conducive to life on Earth depends upon the extraordinarily narrow orbital parameters that define a continuously habitable zone where water can exist in a liquid state. If Earth's orbit were only 5 percent smaller than it is, temperatures during the early stages of Earth's history would have been high enough to vaporize the oceans. If the Earth-Sun distance were as little as 1 percent larger, run away glaciations on Earth about 2 billion years ago would have caused the oceans to freeze and remain frozen to this day.

  Second, Jupiter's enormous mass prevents most Sun-bound comets from penetrating the inner solar system. It has been estimated that without this shield,Earth would have experienced bombardment by comet-sized impactors a thousand times more frequently than has actually been recorded during geological time.Even if Earth's surface were not actually sterilized by this bombardment, it is unlikely that any but the most primitive life-forms could have survived. This suggests that only planetary systems containing both terrestrial planets like Earth and gas giants like Jupiter might be capable of sustaining complex life-forms.

  Third, the gravitational shield of the giant outer planets, while highly efficient, must occasionally fail to protect Earth. Paradoxically, while the temperatures required for liquid water exist only in the inner solar system, the key building blocks of life,including water itself, occur primarily beyond the asteroid belt. Thus the evolution of life has depended on a frequency of cometary impacts sufficient to convey water,as well as carbon and nitrogen, from these distant regions of the solar system to Earth while stopping short of an impact magnitude that would destroy the atmosphere and oceans.

  Finally, Earth's unique and massive satellite, the Moon, plays a crucial role in stabilizing the obliquity of Earth's rotational axis. This obliquity creates the terrestrial seasonality so important to the evolution and diversity of life. Mars, in contrast, has wildly oscillating tilt and chaotic seasonality, while Venus, rotating slowly backward, has virtually no seasonality at all.

  1. The passage is primarily concerned with

  A. Enumerating conditions that may have been necessary for a particular development

  B. Outlining the conditions under which scientists may be able to predict certain events

  C. Explaining how a particular finding affected scientists ' understanding of a phenomenon

  D. Suggesting reasons why a particular outcome was more likely to occur than other possible outcomes

  E. Assessing the relative significance of factors that contributed to a particular occurrence

  答案：C

  解析：根據(jù)文章第一段內(nèi)容，可知推出了一個 finding，后面都是具體介紹這個収現(xiàn)的，所以圍繞的中心是 C。

  2. It can be inferred from the passage that the "planetary scientists" would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements concerning the development of complex life forms on Earth?

  A. It might have occurred earlier in Earth's history if cometary impacts had been less frequent than they were.

  B. It could have occurred if Earth's orbit were 1 percent larger than it is but not if Earth's orbit were 5 percent smaller.

  C. It probably follows a pattern common on other terrestrial planets that occupy planetary systems containing gas giants.

  D. Its dependence on the effect that Jupiter's gravitational shield has on Earth was difficult to recognize prior to 1995.

  E. It has been contingent on conditions elsewhere in Earth's solar system as well as on conditions on Earth itself.

  答案：E

  解析：題干問 planetary scientists 最有可能同意哪個觀點，而丏是不 the development of complex life forms on Earth 有關(guān)，定位至第二段開頭處開始閱讀，運用排除法得出答案。

  3. The author of the passage most likely mentions Mars' "oscillating tilt" primarily in order to

  A. Provide evidence for a proposition about the potential effects of cometary impacts

  B. Emphasize the absence from our solar system of "normal planets"

  C. Contrast the rotational axis of Mars with that of Venus

  D. Characterize the role of other planets in the solar system in earth's development

  E. Emphasize the importance of the Moon to the development of life on Earth

  答案：E

  解析：題干問為何提及Mars會震蕩傾斜，定位至最后一段會収現(xiàn)后文提及了Venus不Mars是相反的，因此答案選 C。

  邏輯閱讀

  Anaerobic glycolysis is a process in which energy is produced, without oxygen,through the breakdown of muscle glycogen into lactic acid and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy provider. The amount of energy that can be produced anaerobically is a function of the amount of glycogen present—in all vertebrates about 0.5 percent of their muscles’ wet weight. Thus the anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the size of the animal. If, for example, some predators had attacked a 100-ton dinosaur, normally torpid, the dinosaur would have been able to generate almost instantaneously, via anaerobic glycolysis, the energy of 3,000 humans at maximum oxidative metabolic energy production.

  The passage's suggestion that the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the vertebrate's size is based on which of the following assumption?

  A. larger vertebrates conserve more energy than smaller vertebrates

  B. larger vertebrates use less oxygen per unit weight than smaller vertebrates

  C. the ability of a vertebrate to consume food is a function of its size

  D. the amount of muscle tissue in a vertebrate is directly related to its size

  E. the size of a vertebrate is proportional to the quantity of energy it can utilize

  答案：E

  解析：文本是關(guān)于無氧糖酵解產(chǎn)生能量的過程，丏提出動物體積越大，所產(chǎn)生的能量儲備也就越多。以恐龍為例，說明其遭遇攻擊所能產(chǎn)生的能量之巨大。題干中問“the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are proportional to the vertebrate’s size”這一論點是根據(jù)哪一條假定推斷出來的，通讀選項丌難得出 E。

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