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  作文機經

  Issue

  People today are too individualistic. Instead of pursuing self-centered,separate goals,people need to understand that satisfaction comes from working for the greater good of the family, the community,or society as a whole."

  Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take.In developing and supporting your position,you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

  題干分析

  現在的人們太個人主義了。與其追求以個人為中心和孤立的目標，人們更需要明白滿足是源于為家庭、社區或者整個社會的更大利益的服務。

  Outline

  Extreme individualism has become a serious threat to the social fabric and the welfare of all members of society.

  1. Some people may claim that the greater good of the family,the community or society lies in the good of the individual,which justifies the pursuit of self-interests.

  2. The problem daunting contemporary society is that egoism as run wild.

  3. Today there is every need for the society to encourage individuals to work for the interests of others.

  Argument

  The following appeared in a recommendation from the planning department of the city of Transopolis.

  "Ten years ago,as part of a comprehensive urban renewal program,the city of Transopolis adapted for industrial use a large area of severely substandard housing near the freeway.Subsequently,several factories were constructed there,crime rates in the area declined,and property tax revenues for the entire city increased.To further revitalize the city,we should now take similar action in a declining residential area on the opposite side of the city.Since some houses and apartments in existing nearby neighborhoods are currently unoccupied, alternate housing for those displaced by this action will be readily available."

  Write a response in which you discuss what specific evidence is needed to evaluate the argument and explain how the evidence would weaken or strengthen the argument.

  翻譯

  以下文字出自 Transopolis市規劃部門的一封推薦信：

  “十年前，作為一項綜合城市改造項目的一部分，Transopolis市為了工業用途在高速路附近改造了一大片嚴重低于標準的住房。隨后，那里建立了若干工廠，犯罪率降低了，全市資產稅收入增加。為進一步使城市繁榮，我們應該在城市另一側的正在衰落的居住區采取類似的行動。由于現有鄰近社區的一些住宅和公寓無人居住，可為這一行動產生的搬遷戶提供現成的備用房。”

  寫一篇文章，闡述需要哪些具體的證據來評價這個論證過程，并解釋這些證據如何削弱或強化這個論證過程。

  分析

  前提：改造大片不達標住房何況以使城市返祖率降低，資產稅收增加+some houses and apartments in existing nearby neighborhoods are currently unoccupied,alternate housing for those displaced by this action will be readily available

  [譯]由于現有鄰近社區的一些住宅和公寓無人居住，可為這一行動產生的搬遷戶提供現成的備用房

  結論：To further revitalize the city, we should now take similar action in a declining residential area on the opposite side of the city

  [譯]為進一步使城市繁榮，Transopolis 市應該在城市另一側的正在衰落的居住區采取類似十年前的行動

  論據：

  1. Ten years ago, as part of a comprehensive urban renewal program,the city of Transopolis adapted for industrial use a large area of severely substandard housing near the freeway

  [譯]十年前，作為一項綜合城市改造項目的一部分，Transopolis市為了工業用途在快速路附近改造了一大片嚴重低于標準的住房

  2. Several factories were constructed there,crime rates in the area declined,and property tax revenues for the entire city increased

  [譯]那里建立了若干工廠，犯罪率降低了，全市資產稅收入增加

  提綱(可攻擊點)

  1、在高速路附近修建低標準住房對于在該地建立工廠有哪些影響?建立工廠都要考慮哪些因素?

  2、在高速路附近修建低標準住房對于在該地犯罪率有哪些影響?犯罪率的高低是由哪些因素共同決定的?

  3、在高速路附近修建低標準住房對于在該地資產稅收增加有哪些影響?資產稅收是由哪些因素共同決定的?

  4、十年前的經驗對于現在是否依然適用?可能會存在哪些問題?

  5、在高速路附近修建低標準住房的經驗，對于生在衰落的居住區能夠適用?可能存在哪些問題?

  6、無人居住的住宅和公寓能否直接被用來做備用房?產權等問題如何處理?

  填空等價機經

  1. The students'_____ nature were in sharp contrast to the imperturbable disposition of their teacher.

  A. volatile

  B. duplicitous

  C. apathetic

  D. cunning

  E. blithe

  答案：A

  解析：老師的泰然自若和學生形成鮮明對比。

  volatile ：情緒不穩定的;duplicitous：搞兩面派的;apathetic：冷漠的; cunning：狡猾可愛的;blithe：漫不經心的。這里要和泰然自若對比，所以要選情緒起伏很大，也就是volatile。

  2. Vermeer is able to imbue his paintings with a saintliness verging on the _____,a quality that is in sharp juxtaposition to the _____ of his subjects: a milkmaid preparing breakfast,a servant tidying up a messy kitchen.

  Blank (i) Blank (ii)

  A. artificial D. similarity

  B. numinous E. conviviality

  C. hagiographic F. banality

  答案：BF

  解析：Vermeer 畫平凡的事物，卻表達了神圣。

  artificial：人工的;numinous：神圣的;hagiographic：圣徒的;要表達神圣，所以選擇numinous。

  similarity：相似;conviviality：歡樂;banality 平凡。這里要表達繪畫的東西都很普通，所以選擇 banality。

  3. The company's efforts to improve safety were apparently _____,at least according to the company's own data, which showed that the _____ incidents with the potential to cause a serious accident declined significantly.Nevertheless,independent analysts argue that those statistics are _____.These analysts maintain that the company has consistently underestimated both the probability and the likely effects of accidents in the sensitive and poorly understood environment in which the company is operating.

  Blank (i) Blank (ii) Blank (iii)

  A. innovative D. frequency of G. deceptive

  B. successful E. impediments to H. testable

  C. frustrated F. attention to I. consistent

  答案：BDG

  解析：解題突破口在declined significantly 和nevertheless，前者說明improve有成效，事故頻率顯著下降，后者表轉折，專家對數據有疑問，覺得是有欺騙性不可靠的。

  innovative：創新的;successful：成功的;frustrated：挫敗的;frequency of：頻率;impediments：妨礙;attention：注意;deceptive：欺騙性的;testable：可測試的;consistent：連續的

  4. After years of assiduously cultivating an image of integrity,the mayor was acutely aware that just one scandal could forever _____ his reputation in the public's eyes.

  A. bolster

  B. besmirch

  C. tarnish

  D. promulgate

  E. mollify

  F. solidify

  答案：BC

  解析：市長知道一件丑聞就可以永遠毀掉好名聲。

  bolster：支持;besmirch：玷污;tarnish：玷污;promulgate：傳播;mollify：平息;solidify：凝固。這里要表示毀壞名聲中毀壞的同義詞，所以是選項 B.C.

  5. Winston _____ researched prospective universities,listing both the positive and negative attributes of each school,before choosing the one that suited him best.

  A. ethically

  B. haphazardly

  C. sedulously

  D. sporadically

  E. scrupulously

  F. inadvertently

  答案：CE

  解析：Winston 在選擇最適合他的大學之前，做了研究列出每個學校的優缺點。

  ethically：倫理上地;haphazardly 偶然雜亂地;sedulously勤勉地;sporadically 零星地;scrupulously 嚴謹地;inadvertently 粗心大意地。從 Winston 選擇前列出優缺點可以看出他對這件事情是認真的，所以選擇 C.E.

  6. Though the CEO was not in accordance with the board's decision to reward employees with a larger than expected annual bonus,she was hardly oneto______workers their compensation.

  A. allow

  B. begrudge

  C. deny

  D. indulge

  E. grant

  F. entrust

  答案：BC

  解析：雖然 CEO 不同意給員工更多獎金，但是 CEO 還是會給員工獎金的。

  allow：允許;begrudge：吝嗇;deny：剝奪;indulge：縱容;grant：給予;entrust：委托。本來應該是會給員工獎勵，因為有 hardly 做修飾，所以要選否定動詞，表示不會給，也就是選項 B.C.

  數學機經

  1. A box contains 100 balls, numbered from 1 to 100.If three balls are selected at random and with replacement from the box, what is the probability that the sum of the three numbers on the balls selected from the box will be odd?

  A. 1/4

  B. 3/8

  C. 1/2

  D. 5/8

  E. 3/4

  答案：C

  解析：本題因為奇數和偶數個數相同，和也只有兩種方式，所以三個數的和為奇數的可能性為1/2。也可以考慮從這100個數中任取三個數的奇偶，可能性為：奇奇奇，奇偶偶，奇奇偶和偶偶偶，其中奇奇奇和奇偶偶兩種情況的和為奇數，所以也得到可能性為 1/2

  2. There are 1200 respondents to a poll, each favoring their preference for candidates A,B,and C.54% favored A,48% favored B, and 42% favored C,and there is 30% favored both A and B.What's the largest possible number of respondents favoring C,but not C&B,nor C&A?

  A. 25%

  B. 30%

  C. 28%

  D. 38%

  E. 40%

  答案：C

  解析：A 和 B 的并集為：54%+48%-30%=72%，所 C 為 28%

  3. In an insurance company, each policy has a paper record and an electric record.For those policies having incorrect paper record,60% also having incorrect electric record;For policies having incorrect electric record,75% also having incorrect paper record.3% of all policies have both incorrect paper and incorrect electric records.If we randomly pick out one policy, what's the probability that the one having both correct paper and correct electric records?

  A. 0.80

  B. 0.94

  C. 0.75

  D. 0.88

  E. 0.92

  答案：B

  解析：設總數為 x，設 incorrect paper record 有 y, incorrect electric record 有 z，則：x·y·60%=3%·x y=5% x·z·75%=3%·x z=4%則，兩者至少有一個錯誤的百分比為 5%+4%-3%=6%，所正確答案為 94%

  4. If Bob can do a job in 20 days and Jane can do the job in 30 days,they work together to do this job and in this period, Bob stop work for 2.5 days and Jane stop work for x days,and the job be finished for 14 days,what is x?

  A. 1.6

  B. 3.2

  C. 1.5

  D. 1.25

  E. 1.15

  答案：D

  解析：1/20(14-2.5)+1/30(14-x)=1，得出 x=1.25

  5. The probability of A is 60% and the probability of B is 50%, what is the most possible probability that neither A nor B would happen?

  A. 0.80

  B. 0.40

  C. 0.75

  D. 0.55

  E. 0.68

  答案：B

  解析：劃出圖表來可以一目了然：A， B 均不發生的最大概率為 40%，最小概率為 0.因此選 B

  閱讀邏輯機經

  短篇閱讀

  While the influence of British magazines in shaping public opinion predates the nineteenth century,it was during the 1800s that mass distribution became possible and an explosion in periodical readership occurred,vastly increasing magazines’opinion-shaping powers. The role of magazines as arbiters of nineteenth-century taste is seen in their depictions of the London Theater.The magazines accorded some legitimacy to East End working-class theaters that mirrored the format of the fashionable West End theaters serving middle-and upper-class audiences.However,the magazines also depicted music halls—which competed for patronage with all theaters—as places where crass entertainment corrupted spectators’taste and morals. Finally,they suggested that popular demand for substandard fare created a market unfriendly to higher expressions of dramatic art.

  The author of the passage mentions East End working-class theaters primarily in order to

  A. illustrate a point about the ability of magazines to sway public opinion

  B. contrast the kinds of entertainment presented in East End and West End theaters

  C. make a point about how spectators’tastes influenced the offerings at different kinds of theaters

  D. explain how magazines chose which kinds of entertainment to cover

  E. identify factors that helped make certain theaters fashionable

  答案： A

  解析：首先簡化題干。題干問的是：提到“某件事”的目的是什么?那么，“某件事”的具體內容是什么，立刻想到應該是不太重要的，重點是舉例的目的。對應到文章中第二句：“The role of magazines as arbiters of nineteenth-century taste is seen in their depictions of the London Theater. The magazines accorded…”很明顯“The role of …”這句話表明了目的“雜志是19世紀品位的仲裁者”，即雜志體現了19世紀的品味。所以具體例子內容即便看不懂，也可知道，舉例是為了論證雜志對19世紀群眾的影響力。即選項 A。

  長篇閱讀

  By far the most popular United States literature of its time was a body of now-neglected novels written between 1820and1870 by,for,and about women.According to Nina Baym,who has termed this genre“woman’s fiction,”the massive popularity of these novels claimed a place for women in the writing profession.The novels chronicle the experiences of women who,beset with hardships,find within themselves qualities of intelligence,will,resourcefulness,and courage sufficient to overcome their obstacles.According to Baym,the genre began with Catharine Sedgwick's New-England Tale (1822),manifested itself as the best-selling reading matter of the American public in the unprecedented sales of Susan Warner's Wide,Wide World (1850),and remained a dominant fictional type until after 1870.The critical,as opposed to popular,reception of these novels in their own time was mixed.Theoretical opposition by those who saw fiction as a demoralizing and corrupting influence was by no means dead in mid-nineteenth-century America,and popular successes naturally bore a significant proportion of the attack.The moralistic tone of much woman's fiction did not placate these antagonists;on the contrary,many clerical opponents of the novel thought that women were trying to take over the clergy's functions and hence attacked all the more fiercely.Similarly,some male authors, disgruntled by the emergence of great numbers of women writers, expressed contempt for the genre.

  On the other hand,the women had a powerfully ally--their publishers,who not only put these works into print but advertised them widely and enthusiastically.Some few reviewers wrote about these works with attention and respect,distinguishing between the works of the different authors and identifying individual strengths and weaknesses.These approving contemporary critics were particularly alert to each writer's contribution to the depiction of American social life,especially to regional differences in manners and character types.On the whole,however,even these laudatory critics showed themselves uninterested in the stories that this fiction told,or in their significance.

  Baym acknowledges that these novels are tell--with variations--a single familiar tale,and correctly notes that this apparent lack of artistic innovation has been partly responsible for their authors’exclusion from the canon of classic American writers traditionally studied in university literature courses.Baym points out,however,that unlike such male contemporaries as Nathaniel Hawthorne,these women did not conceive of themselves as“artists,”but rather as professional writers with work to do and a living to be made from fulfilling an obligation to their audience.This obligation included both entertainment and instruction,which are not,says Baym,at odds with one another in these books, nor is entertainment the sweet coating on a didactic pill.Rather,the lesson itself is an entertainment: the central character's triumph over adversity is profoundly pleasurable to those readers who identify with her.

  1. The passage is primarily concerned with

  A. Summarizing the major contributions of two influential writers

  B. Describing and commenting on a group of literary works

  C. Summarizing the major events of a period of literary history

  D. Contrasting two types of literary works from the same era

  E. Arguing for the adopting of several neglected literary works into university curriculums

  答案：B

  解析：文章第一段有描述 1820 到 1870 年間的女性作家群體。第一，二，三段都有向我們展示了對他們作品的評論。

  2. The author of the passage cites Susan Warner's Wide, Wide World most probably as an example of a woman's novel that

  A. Had more advanced artistic elements than many of its type

  B. Attracted an excessive amount of critical attention

  C. Was found to be inappropriately moralistic by many members of the clergy

  D. Was significant as an indicator of the genre’s popularity

  E. Signaled the gradual decline of the size of the genre’s audience

  答案：D

  解析：原句中 Susan Warner 的 Wide, Wide World 是 best-selling reading matter 解釋論證該類型小說的流行程度。

  3. The author of the passage implies which of the following about the members of the clergy mentioned in the first paragraph?

  A. They also opposed works of fiction that were outside the genre of woman's fiction.

  B. They opposed journalism as well as imaginative writing.

  C. Their influence reached its pinnacle in the mid-nineteenth century.

  D. They were unable to obtain the support of other critics for their views.

  E. Their attacks on the genre of the novel did not extend to novels written by male writers.

  答案：E

  解析：“women were trying to…”表明只是對女性作家作品的抨擊。

  4. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage concerning the majority of the nineteenth-century reviewers of woman's fiction?

  A. They considered the position taken by the clergy in regard to woman's fiction self-serving.

  B. They did not make fine distinctions between different authors.

  C. They placed a higher value on plot than on social significance.

  D. They subscribed to the view of writers as purveyors of popular entertainment rather than as artists.

  E. They felt that the literary market was saturated with novels by and about women.

  答案：C

  解析：解該題關鍵在于第二段最后一句。

  邏輯閱讀

  Many shipwrecks dating from the period between A.D.300 and600have been discovered in the Ramian Sea.Well over half of those ships were carrying cargo stored in large ceramic jars,many of which were preserved largely intact on the ocean floor.During that period,such jars carried only liquid.Therefore,liquid cargo was probably carried by a majority of the cargo ships that navigated the RamianSea during that period.

  The force of the evidence cites in the passage is most seriously weakened if which of the following is true?

  A. For ships on the Ramian Sea during the period,a full load of liquid cargo stored in large ceramic jars was not likely to be significantly heavier than a full load of other kinds of cargo that were typical of the period.

  B. There are no surviving records dating from the period that detail specific cargoes shipped across the Ramian Sea.

  C. The ratio of liquid to solid cargo shipped across the Ramian Sea did not vary significantly over the period.

  D. The presence of a sizable quantity of large ceramic jars on the ocean floor is so visually striking that a shipwreck of a ship carrying such jars is more likely to be noticed and reported than are shipwrecks of ships carrying other cargoes.

  E. During the period, grain and other solid cargo was shipped across the Ramian Sea in containers made from material other than clay.

  答案：D

  解析：

  文章大意是很多公元前 300 至 600年的遇難船只在 Ramian 海域被發現。一半以上的船運載的是裝在陶瓷罐里的貨品。這些大部分在海底保存完好。在那個時期，這種罐子只裝液體。因此，當時航行在 Ramian 海域的大部分貨船運送的是液體貨物。載有陶瓷罐的遇難船只比裝有其他貨品的遇難船只更容易被人發現。由此會弱化大部分船只裝在液體的結論。

請加sunny老師（微信號：shnc_2018）

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