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  作文機經

  Issue

  "Many problems of modern society cannot be solved by laws and the legal system because moral behavior cannot be legislated."

  Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the statement and explain your reasoning for the position you take.In developing and supporting your position,you should consider ways in which the statement might or might not hold true and explain how these considerations shape your position.

  題目翻譯

  現代社會的很多問題是法律和立法系統無法解決的，因為道德行為是無法用法律約束的。

  Outline

  I agree with this assertion insofar as it relates to constraints on certain personal freedoms.However,when it comes to the conduct of business,I think that moral behavior not only can but must be legislated for the purpose of alleviating societal problems.

  1. Morality laws that impinge upon freedom of choice about our personal lives—to control what we do with and to ourselves—simply do not work in a democratic society.

  2. Morality laws impinging on personal freedoms are not made any more useful or effective by purporting to serve the greater good of society, because on balance their costs far outweigh their benefits.

  3. In sharp contrast to personal behavior,the behavior of businesses can and must be controlled through legislation.

  Argument

  A recent study reported that pet owners have longer,healthier lives on average than do people who own no pets.Specifically,dog owners tend to have a lower incidence of heart disease.In light of these findings,Sherwood Hospital should form a partnership with Sherwood Animal Shelter to institute an adopt-a-dog program.The program would encourage dog ownership for patients recovering from heart disease,which should reduce these patients' chance of experiencing continuing heart problems and also reduce their need for ongoing treatment.As a further benefit,the publicity about the program would encourage more people to adopt pets from the shelter.And that will reduce the incidence of heart disease in the general population.

  Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument.Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.

  題目翻譯

  最近一項研究報告發現，平均來說，養寵物的人比不養寵物的更長壽、更健康。特別是養狗的人，他們的心臟病發病率往往較低。鑒于這些發現,Sherwood醫院應該與Sherwood動物收容所建立合作關系以開展“領養一只狗”的計劃。該計劃將會鼓勵處于心臟病康復期的患者養狗，這將降低這些病人持續性心臟發病的可能，并減小他們持續的治療需求。另外一個好處是，對于該計劃的宣傳將會鼓勵更多的人從收容所中領養寵物。而且，這將減少全體居民患心臟病的風險。

  寫一篇文章，檢查論證過程中陳述和/或未陳述的假設。一定要解釋論證過程是如何依賴這些假設建立的，如果這些假設被證明是不合理的，對于論證過程來說有哪些潛在影響。

  題目分析

  A. 前提：a recent study reported that pet owners have longer,healthier lives on average than do people who own no pets.Specifically,dog owners tend to have a lower incidence of heart disease

  最近一項研究報告發現，平均來說，養寵物的人比不養寵物的更長壽、更健康。特別是養狗的人，他們的心臟病發病率往往較低

  B. 結論：in light of these findings,Sherwood Hospital should form a partnership with Sherwood Animal Shelter to institute an adopt-a-dog program

  Sherwood醫院應該與Sherwood動物收容所建立合作關系以開展“領養一只狗”的計劃

  C. 論據：

  1. The program would encourage dog ownership for patients recovering from heart disease,which should reduce these patients' chance of experiencing continuing heart problems and also reduce their need for ongoing treatment

  該計劃將會鼓勵處于心臟病康復期的患者養狗，這將降低這些病人持續性心臟發病的可能，并減小他們持續的治療需求

  2. The publicity about the program would encourage more people to adopt pets from the shelter

  另外一個好處是，對于該計劃的宣傳將會鼓勵更多的人從收容所中領養寵物

  3. That will reduce the incidence of heart disease in the general population

  這將減少全體居民患心臟病的風險

  提綱(可攻擊點)

  1、“心臟病康復期的患者”和調查中所說的“養狗的人”是否是同一類人群?如果不是，他們有什么區別?

  2、減少心臟病康復期患者的治療次數以及費用是否能降低人們患心臟病的風險?治療費用和次數的減少是否和題目的論證過程(因為養狗可以降低心臟病的發病率，所以要建立“領養一只狗”的計劃)有關?

  3、領養其他寵物是否會降低人們得心臟病的風險?

  4、除了健康或減少患病風險外，人們決定領養寵物會考慮到哪些其他因素?

  填空等價機經

  1. The children's _____ natures were in sharp contrast to the even-tempered dispositions of their parents.

  A. mercurial

  B. blithe

  C. phlegmatic

  D. apathetic

  E. cunning

  正確答案：A

  題目解析：孩子們多變的本性與他們父母鎮定的性格形成鮮明的對比。本題中sharp contrast表示前后形容詞反義。比較起來，A與even-tempered 是更為直接的反義詞。

  因此選 A。

  even-tempered ：性情平和，沉穩;mercurial：指人反復無常; blithe：愉快歡樂的;phlegmatic：冷靜冷漠遲鈍的; apathetic：無感情的冷漠的;cunning：狡猾可愛巧妙的，

  2. With the rate of technological (i)_____accelerating—many people now consider a personal computer (ii)_____after three years—the question of how to properly dispose of old equipment is no small matter.

  Blank (i) Blank (ii)

  A. affordability D. outdated

  B. complexity E. familiar

  C. obsolescence F. inestimable

  正確答案：C D

  題目解析：這題的意思是當科技過時加速時候，現在很多人都覺得電腦用三年就過時了--對于如何處置舊的裝置已經不是個小問題了。破折號是進一步解釋前面的意思。題目意思看懂了后就能很快選出2個相近的意思的選項，即是CD.

  3. Bureaucrats tend to (i)_____ .So it is surprising that the European Commission is proposing to hand back some of its antitrust powers to national governments.Such a willingness to (ii)_____ power is quite (iii)_____.Perhaps the commission,so often a byword for meddling,bungling, and even corruption,is starting to put its house in order following the forced resignation of the previous lot of commissioners last year.

  Blank (i) Blank (ii) Blank (iii)

  A. value complex procedures D. devolve G. troubling

  B. guard their authority jealously E. misuse H. encouraging

  C. shirk many of their responsibilities F. appropriate I. predictable

  正確答案：B D H

  題目解析：官僚都是喜歡抓牢權利的。因此歐盟委員會想要把部分權利歸還政府的做法令人吃驚。如此移交權利的意愿相當鼓舞人心。首先第一空從tend to和后面的surprising,可以看出填入的內容應該是和proposing to hand back some of its antitrust powers to national governments相反的，所以選B。第二空可以根據such來判斷，應該填入與hand back power意思相同相近的內容，因此選D。第三空可根據后面句子的意思應該填入一個表示正面積極意思的詞匯，因此選 H。

  4. Despite her relaxed and flexible style,Ms.de la Fressange is_____businesswoman who knows how to market her brand:herself.

  A. a ruthless

  B. a creative

  C. a canny

  D. an industrious

  E. a shrewd

  F. an effective

  正確答案：C E

  題目解析：盡管de la Fressange女士有著懶散的作風，但她依舊是一個懂得如何包裝自己的“精明”商務女性。本題重點在于Despite提供的轉折，前面提到了慵懶的作風，后邊就應該強調其“精明能干”。選取此類詞匯，即canny和shrewd ruthless 殘忍的,無情的;canny謹慎的;industrious勤奮的;shrewd機靈的;effective有效的

  5. A recent study suggests that vitamin E supplements,despite widespread belief in their_____,are no better than sugar pills for delaying the onset of the degenerative disease.

  A. potential

  B. misuse

  C. popularity

  D. efficacy

  E. prevalence

  F. usefulness

  正確答案：D F

  題目解析：一個近期的研究發現維生素E，排除其廣為流傳的有效性看法，并不比糖片在延緩衰老性疾病上更有效。本題重點在despite一詞上，后面說的是no better，那么空格中就應該填入意思相反的詞，也就是有用有效意思的詞匯，符合這一要求的是DF組合。

  6. Parkin's characterization of the movement as Neo-Scholastic is too_____to be accepted without further investigation.

  A. cursory

  B. detailed

  C. perfunctory

  D. biased

  E. self-evident

  F. complete

  正確答案：A C

  題目解析：too..to 的意思是太。。。而不能夠。。，后面是 to be accepted without further investigation,可知意思是“沒有更多的調查而不能夠被接受”，所以前面要填負面詞匯。cursory/perfunctory 是草率的意思。正解。注意 self-evident 是不證自明的。

  數學機經

  1. In a probability experiment, G and H are independent events.The probability that G will occur is r,and the probability that H will occur is s,where both r and s are greater than 0.

  Quantity A：the probability that either G will occur or H will occur, but not both

  Quantity B：r+s-r*s

  A. Quantity A is greater.

  B. Quantity B is greater.

  C. The two quantities are equal.

  D. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.

  正確答案：B

  題目解析：G事件與H事件互相獨立，G事件概率為r, H事件概率為s，求兩事件其中之一發生的概率。

  只發生 G 事件：r*(1-s)

  只發生 H 事件：s*(1-r)

  相加可得r+s-2*r*s，小于QuantityB，因此選B。

  2. The area of circle W is 16*π and the area of circle Z is 4*π. What is the ratio of the circumference of W to the circumference of Z?

  A. 2 to 1

  B. 4 to 1

  C. 8 to 1

  D. 16 to 1

  E. 32 to 1

  正確答案：A

  題目解析：根據圓形面積公式，可知兩圓的半徑比例為 2:1，然后根據周長公式計算，其州長比例也為 2:1。所以選 A。

  3. The interior dimensions of a rectangular tank are as follows:length 110 centimeters,width 90 centimeters,and height 270 centimeters.The tank rests on level ground.Based on the assumption that the volume of water increases by 10 percent when it freezes,which of the following is closest to the maximum height,in centimeters,to which the tank can be filled with water so that when the water freezes,the ice would not rise above the top of the tank?

  A. 230

  B. 235

  C. 240

  D. 245

  E. 250

  正確答案：D

  題目解析：已知水箱長寬高數據，和水結冰時會上升 10%高度的推論，問水箱里可以裝多少水，其結冰時也不會超過水箱高度。設為 x，列出 1.1x=270，x 約等于245，所以選 D。

  4. In a certain sequence of numbers,each term after the first term is found by multiplying the preceding term by 2 and then subtracting 3 from the product.If the 4th term in the sequence is 19, which of the following numbers are in the sequence? Indicate all such numbers.

  A. 5

  B. 8

  C. 11

  D. 16

  E. 35

  正確答案：A C E

  題目解析：第一項設為 x，根據題目條件可知第二項 2x-3，第三項 2(2x-3)-3=4x-9，第四項依次類推為 8x-21。接下來根據第四項=40 算出 x=5，代入前五項，分別算出 5,7,11,40,35。其中符合條件的選項為 ACE。

  5.

  The quadrants of the xy-plane are shown in the figure above.In the xy-plane,line m (not shown) has a positive slope and a positive x-intercept.Line m intersects which of the quadrants? Indicate all such quadrants

  A. Quadrant I

  B. Quadrant II

  C. Quadrant III

  D. Quadrant IV

  正確答案：A C D

  題目解析：本題關鍵在于看懂抽象描述。問直線m經過哪幾個象限。條件positive slope可知m大致上是從左下往右上的斜線，那么第二和第四象限必然有一個不經過或者兩個都不經過，條件positive x-intercept表明m和x軸的正數側也就是右側相交，那么m經過象限就是 1,3,4，所以選 ACD。

  閱讀邏輯機經

  短篇閱讀

  James W. Coleman's book on John Edgar Wideman's literary career addresses the needs of a general,if well-read,public rather than the esoteric vanities of scholarly specialists, whom he neither ignores nor flatters.To assume the former audience was familiar with every work Wideman ever penned would have been pretentious.Instead,Cole- man furnishes more than ample descriptive criticism and background information,avoiding the cryptic allusiveness that is favored by some academic critics but that discourages the undergraduate audience he likely envisioned.Unfortunately,this accent on bringing serious Wideman criticism to a broader audience often frustrates the reader who wishes that announced themes,techniques,and stylistic devices would not whisk by as quickly as world capitals on a seven-day package tour of the globe.

  The reference to“a seven-day package tour of the globe”(line 10) is most likely meant to suggest a treatment that is

  A. inclusive

  B. cursory

  C. focused

  D. broad based

  E. substantial

  正確答案：B

  題目解析：C為了讓大眾都能明白W的書，所以提供了豐富的信息。然而，這種做法也招來了讀者們質疑，他們希望C的做法不會是走馬觀花式的。因此，答案要體現：1. 讀者的擔心(負面的);2.走馬觀花這一特點(即是快，或者是不細致)。對比選項發現只有 B 滿足兩個條件，選 B

  文章翻譯：Coleman這個人寫了一本關于John Edgar文學成就的書，這本書如果被好好的品讀們就會發現是一本接地氣的適合大眾閱讀的書，而不是用來給評論家批判的書。因此去質疑Coleman到底有沒有讀完所以關于John的作品然后再下筆寫這本書的做法其實顯得有一些無聊自大自作多情。相反，他的書運用了了大量的素材，拋棄了那些專家學者喜歡的模糊高深的判詞(同時這些高深學術文字也是青年讀者所不喜的。)不幸的是，這種戲說wideman的風格措辭雖然可以吸納很多粉絲來閱讀，但是也讓那些希望嚴謹態度(包括從：理論方面，技術方面，風格方面，不需要很粗略走馬觀花的去看)細細解讀wideman的人失望了。

  長篇閱讀

  Most recent work on the history of leisure in Europe has been based on the central hypothesis of a fundamental discontinuity between preindustrial and industrial societies.According to this view,the modern idea of leisure did not exist in medieval and early modern Europe:the modern distinction between the categories of work and leisure was a product of industrial capitalism. Preindustrial societies had festivals(together with informal and irregular breaks from work), while industrial societies have leisure in the form of weekends and vacations.The emergence of leisure is there-fore part of the process of modernization.If this theory is correct,there is what Michel Foucault called a conceptual rupture between the two periods,and so the very idea of a history of leisure before the Industrial Revolution is an anachronism.

  To reject the idea that leisure has had a continuous history from the Middle Ages to the present is not to deny that late medieval and early modern Europeans engaged in many pursuits that are now commonly considered leisure or sporting activities—jousting,hunting,tennis,card playing,travel,and so on—or that Europe in this period was dominated by a privileged class that engaged in these pursuits.What is involved in the discontinuity hypothesis is the recognition that the people of the Middle Ages and early modern Europe did not regard as belonging to a common category activities (hunting and gambling,for example) that are usually classified together today under the heading of leisure. Consider fencing:today it may be considered a“sport,”but for the gentleman of the Renaissance it was an art or science.Conversely,activities that today may be considered serious,notably warfare,were often described as pastimes.

  Serious pitfalls therefore confront historians of leisure who assume continuity and who work with the modern concepts of leisure and sport,projecting them back onto the past without asking about the meanings contemporaries gave to their activities.

  However,the discontinuity hypothesis can pose problems of its own.Historians holding this view attempt to avoid anachronism by means of a simple dichotomy,cutting European history into two eras,preindustrial and industrial,setting up the binary opposition between a“festival culture”and a“leisure culture.”The dichotomy remains of use insofar as it reminds us that the rise of industrial capitalism was not purely a phenomenon of economic history,but had social and cultural preconditions and consequences.The dichotomy,however,leads to distortions when it reduces a great variety of medieval and early modern European ideas,assumptions,and practices to the simple formula implied by the phrase“festival culture.”

  1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

  A. refute the idea that the history of leisure is discontinuous

  B. show why one of two approaches is more useful in studying the history of leisure

  C. suggest the need for a new, more inclusive concept to replace the concept of leisure

  D. trace the development of a theory about the history of leisure

  E. point out the basis for,and the limits of, an approach to the history of leisure

  正確答案：E

  題目解析：第一段主要講了recent work on the history of leisure的basis即hypothesis of discontinuity, 然后講了這個hypothesis的主要內容。之后第二第三段，都是對這個hypothesis 的補充說明，第二段說它不并代表否認medieval和Early modern的歐洲有那些今天認為是 leisure的追求，第三段說那些不用這個hypothesis的歷史學家都有serious pitfalls即過去人們對leisure和sports的概念和現在完全不同。第三段開頭即陳述這個hypothesis有Problem，然后說歷史學家使用dichotomy這個“approach”。然后具體講dichotomy這個方法和它的problem也就是limit，即后文所說的distortion。

  因此全文是圍繞 basis 和 limits 展開的，所以選 E。

  2. The author of the passage asserts that the“dichotomy”(last paragraph)can lead to which of the following?

  A. Reliance on only one of several equally valid theoretical approaches

  B. The imposition of modern conceptions and meanings on past societies

  C. Failure to take into account the complexity of certain features of European culture

  D. Failure to utilize new conceptual categories in the study of the history of leisure

  E. Failure to take account of the distinction between preindustrial and industrial societies

  正確答案：C

  題目解析：本題是細節題,The dichotomy,however,leads to distortions when it reduces a great variety of medieval and early modern European ideas,assumptions,and practices to the simple formula implied by the phrase“festival culture.”當他把中世紀和早期現代歐洲的理念，假設和實踐都縮減到一個簡單的公式—“節日文化”的時候，二分法導致了一種扭曲。解題關鍵是reduces a great variety of 和 simple。對應 Failure to take into account the complexity ,所以選 C。

  3. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage as a whole?

  A. Two hypotheses are discussed, and evidence in support of one is presented.

  B. A hypothesis is presented and discussed, and a limitation to the hypothesis is identified.

  C. A hypothesis is proposed,its supposed advantages are shown to be real,and its supposed disadvantages are shown to be illusory.

  D. A problem is identified,two hypotheses are advanced to resolve it, and both are rejected.

  E. A problem is identified, two resolutions are proposed, and a solution combining elements of both is recommended.

  正確答案：B

  題目解析：本題需要在了解全文框架的基礎上進行解答。文章第一段提出一個hypothesis，第二第三段圍繞展開，最后點出這個 hypothesis 的問題和不足。所以選 B。

  邏輯閱讀

  Geographers and historians have traditionally held the view that Antarctica was first sighted around 1820,but some sixteenth-century European maps show a body that resembles the polar landmass,even though explorers of the period never saw it.Some scholars,therefore,argue that the continent must have been discovered and mapped by the ancients,whose maps are known to have served as models for the European cartographers.

  Which of the following, if true, is most damaging to the inference drawn by the scholars?

  A. The question of who first sighted Antarctica in modern times is still much debated,and no one has been able to present conclusive evidence.

  B. Between 3,000 and 9,000 years ago,the world was warmer than it is now,and the polar landmass was presumably smaller.

  C. There are only a few sixteenth-century global maps that show a continental landmass at the South Pole.

  D. Most attributions of surprising accomplishments to ancient civilizations or even extraterrestrials are eventually discredited or rejected as preposterous.

  E. Ancient philosophers believed that there had to be a large landmass at the South Pole to balance the northern continents and make the world symmetrical.

  正確答案：E

  題目解析：文章邏輯鏈：論據：1. 16世紀歐洲地圖有南極大陸標識。2.古人地圖被用來作為歐洲制圖師的參考模型。推出結論：部分學者認為南極洲是古人發現并做出地圖的。問削弱。

  A. 沒有人能給出明確證據。兩不相幫，無關。

  B. 3000 年前到 9000 年前之間，地球比現在更溫暖，南極大陸更小。無關選項。

  C. 只有一部分 16 世紀世界地圖標識了南極大陸。即使只有一部分也能證明邏輯鏈存在。無法削弱。

  D. 大部分被認為是古代文明甚至外星人創造的偉業最終都被證明是荒謬可笑的。即使大部分也不是全部，因此無法削弱邏輯鏈。

  E. 古人認為南極有大陸只是出于世界對稱性的猜測，認為有北極所以會有南極。也就是說古人認為有南極大陸并不是實際發現的，只是一種猜測。成功削弱邏輯鏈。正確。

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