上海新航道雅思小編給考生們帶來了劍14Test1雅思閱讀Passage1原文翻譯：兒童玩耍的重要性。希望幫助考生對照文本更好的研究真題，充分備考，爭取理想成績，實現留學夢想。相應的原文答案解析，請點擊：劍橋雅思14Test1閱讀Passage1答案解析。

  劍14Test1雅思閱讀Passage1原文-THE IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN'S PLAY

  Brick by brick,six- year-old Alice is building a magical kingdom. Imagining fairy-tale turrets and fire-breathing dragons, wicked witches and gallant heroes, she's creating an enchanting world.Although she isn't aware of it, this fantasy is helping her take her first steps towards her capacity for creativity and so it will have important repercussions in her adult life.

  Minutes later, Alice has abandoned the kingdom in favour of playing schools with her younnger brother.When she bosses him around as his "teacher",she's practising how to regulate her emotions through pretence.Later on,when they tire of this and settle down with a board game, she's learning about the need to follow rules and take tums with a partner.

  "Play in all its rich variety is one of the highest achievements of the human specials,"says Dr David Whitebread from the Faculty of Education at the University of Cambridge, UK.It underpins how we develop as intellectual,problem-solving adults and is crucial to our success as a highly adaptable species

  Recognising the importance of play is not new:over two millennia ago,the Greek philosopher Plato extolled its virtues as a means of developing skills for adult life,and ideas about play-based learning have been developing since the 19th century

  But we live in changing times,and Whitebread is mindful of a worldwide decline in play,pointing out that over half the people in the world now live in cities. "The opportunities for free play,which I experienced almost every day of my childhood, are becoming increasingly scarce,"he says.Outdoor play is curtailed by perceptions of risk to do with traffic, as well as parents'increased wish to protect their children from being the victims of crime, and by the emphasis on"earlier is better which is leading to greater competition in academic learning and schools.

  International bodies like the United Nations and the European Union have begun to developpolicies concerned with children's right to play, and to consider implications for leisure facilitiesand educational programmes. But what they often lack is the evidence to base policies on.

  ‘The type of play we are interested in is child-initiated, spontaneous and unpredictable - but, as soon as you ask a five-year-old "to play", then you as the researcher have intervened,'explains Dr Sara Baker. 'And we want to know what the long-term impact of play is. It's a real challenge.'

  Dr Jenny Gibson agrees, pointing out that although some of the steps in the puzzle of how and why play is important have been looked at, there is very little data on the impact it has on the child's later life.

  Now, thanks to the university's new Centre for Research on Play in Education, Development and Learning (PEDAL), Whitebread, Baker, Gibson and a team of researchers hope to provide evidence on the role played by play in how a child develops.

  'A strong possibility is that play supports the early development of children's self-control,' explains Baker. 'This is our ability to develop awareness of our own thinking processes - it influences how effectively we go about undertaking challenging activities.'

  In a study carried out by Baker with toddlers and young pre-schoolers, she found that children with greater self-control solved problems more quickly when exploring an unfamiliar set-up requiring scientific reasoning. 'This sort of evidence makes us think that giving children the chance to play will make them more successful problem-solvers in the long run.'

  If playful experiences do facilitate this aspect of development, say the researchers, it could be extremely significant for educational practices, because the ability to self-regulate has been shown to be a key predictor of academic performance.

  Gibson adds: 'Playful behaviour is also an important indicator of healthy social and emotional development. In my previous research, I investigated how observing children at play can give us important clues about their well-being and can even be useful in the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders like autism.'

  Whitebread's recent research has involved developing a play-based approach to supporting children's writing. 'Many primary school children find writing difficult, but we showed in a previous study that a playful stimulus was far more effective than an instructional one.' Children wrote longer and better-structured stories when they first played with dolls representing characters in the story. In the latest study, children first created their story with Lego*, with similar results. 'Many teachers commented that they had always previously had children saying they didn't know what to write about. With the Lego building, however, not a single child said this through the whole year of the project.'

  Whitebread, who directs PEDAL, trained as a primary school teacher in the early 1970s, when, as he describes, 'the teaching of young children was largely a quiet backwater, untroubled by any serious intellectual debate or controversy.' Now, the landscape is very different, with hotly debated topics such as school starting age.

  'Somehow the importance of play has been lost in recent decades. It's regarded as something trivial, or even as something negative that contrasts with "work". Let's not lose sight of its benefits, and the fundamental contributions it makes to human achievements in the arts, sciences and technology. Let's make sure children have a rich diet of play experiences.'

  劍14Test1雅思閱讀Passage1原文翻譯

  六歲的Alice正在一點點地建造一個魔法王國。她一邊幻想著童話里的塔樓和噴火的E龍,邪惡的女巫和勇敢的英雄,一邊創造著一個讓人著迷的世界。這種幻想正在幫她朝創造力邁出第一步,并將對她的成年生活產生重要影響,盡管她自己還沒有意識到。

  幾分鐘后,Aice拋下她建造的王國,轉而和弟弟玩起了假裝上學的游戲。當Alice像老師”一樣給弟弟發號施令時,她正通過假扮行為來練習如何調節情緒。隨后,當他們玩膩了這個游戲而專心于棋盤游戲時,她又在學習遵守規則和與伙伴輪流上陣的必要性。

  “形式多樣的玩要是人類這個物種最偉大的成就之一,”英國劍橋大學教育學院的David Whitebread博士這樣說."玩耍幫助我們成長為有才智、善于解決問題的成年人,對我們這種適應力強的物種取得成功來說至關重要。”

  玩耍的重要性并不是最近才被意識到的:200年前,希臘哲學家柏拉圖就贊美了玩耍的好處,認為它是為成年生活培養技能的手段;而自19世紀起,以玩耍為基礎的學習理念就在不斷發展。

  但我們生活在一個不斷變化的時代, Whitebread注意到全球范圍內的玩耍都正在減少,他指出全球一半以上的人口都居住在城市。“我在童年時幾乎每天都能自由玩耍,如今這種機會正在逐漸減少,”他說道。戶外玩耍的減少是出于對交通事故風險的擔憂、家長想要保護孩子遠離犯罪傷害的強烈愿望,以及當前對“越早越好”學習理念的看重,而這一強化也引起了激烈的學業和學校競爭。

  聯合國和歐盟等國際組織已經開始制定保護兒童玩耍權利的政策,并開始考量休閑設施和教育項目的影響。但他們通常缺少制定相關政策的依據。

  “我們感興趣的玩耍是兒童主導的、自發的、不可預知的——但是,一旦你叫一個五歲的孩子‘去玩’,那你作為研究者就已經對其進行了干預,” Sara Baker博士這樣解釋。“我們想知道玩耍的長期影響是什么。這真是項挑戰。”

  Jerry Gibson博士對此表示贊同,并指出:雖然在玩耍如何以及為何重要這個難題中我們已經有了一些階段性研究,但關于玩耍對兒童今后的生活到底有何影響的數據少之又少。

  現在,得益于劍橋大學新成立的“教育、成長、學習中的玩耍行為研究中心(PEDAL), Whitebread、Baker、Gibson和研究團隊希望能夠為玩耍在兒童成長中所起的作用提供依據。

  一個很大的可能性是玩耍有助于兒童自控力的早期發展,” Baker解釋道。“自控力是指能夠培養自己的意識來認知自己的思考模式——這一能力影響我們著手應對挑戰性活動的效率。”

  在 Baker針對幼兒和學齡前兒童進行的一項研究中,她發現在探索一個需要科學推理的陌生領域時,自控力較強的兒童能更快地解決。“這類證據讓我們認為,從長遠來看,給兒童玩耍的機會能使他們更擅于解決問題。

  研究者們說,如果玩耍經歷真的能夠促進這方面的發展,這將對救育實踐產生極其重要的影響,因為自我控制力已經成為學業表現的一個關鍵性預測指標。

  Gibson補充道;“玩耍行為也是健康的社交和情緒發展的重要指標。在之前的研究中，我研究了觀察玩要中的兒童如何可以為我們提供他們健康狀況的重要線索。甚至如何幫助我們診斷自閉癥等神經發育障礙。”

  Whitebread最近的研究提到了開發一種以玩耍為基礎的方法來幫助兒童寫作。“許多小學生覺得寫作很困難,但在之前的一項研究中,我們發現玩要的激勵遠比教有的激勵更有效。”當孩子們第一次和代表故事中角色的娃娃玩耍時,就寫出了更長、結構更好的故事在最新的研究中,孩子們第一次用樂高積木來創作故事,也得到了相似的結果。“許多老師留言說,他們先前總遇到一些孩子說自己不知道寫些什么。然而,以樂高建筑為對象時,在長達一年的研究中沒有一個孩子再這樣說過。”

  主管 PEDAL的 Whitebread在20世紀70年代早期曾是一位小學老師,他形容那時幼兒教育在很大程度上是一潭死水,不存在任何嚴肅的智力辯論或爭議。”而現在,形勢不同了,連入學年齡都成為熱議的話題。

  “不知為何,玩要在最近幾十年失去了重要性。玩要被視為微不足道的事情,甚至是和‘努力’相沖突的消極事情。我們不能忽視玩耍的好處,也不能忽視它對人類在藝術、科卷和技術領域取得的成就的重大貢獻。我們必須確保孩子們有豐富的玩要經歷。”

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