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  The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries all across the world are actively promoting their ‘wilderness’ regions — such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetland — to high-spending tourists. The attraction of these areas is obvious: by definition, wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment. But that does not mean that there is no cost. As the 1992 United Nations Conference on Environment and Development recognized, these regions are fragile (i.e. highly vulnerable to abnormal pressures) not just in terms of their ecology, but also in terms of the culture of their inhabitants. The three most significant types of fragile environment in these respects, and also in terms of the proportion of the Earth’s surface they cover, are deserts, mountains and Arctic areas. An important characteristic is their marked seasonality, with harsh conditions prevailing for many months each year. Consequently, most human activities, including tourism, are limited to quite clearly defined parts of the year.

  偏遠地區的旅游市場從未曾像現在這么火爆。世界各國都積極地向高消費游客推廣它們的“荒野”地區——如髙山、極地、沙漠、小島和濕地。這些地區的吸引力是顯而易見的：從定義上看，荒野旅游只需要很少的或者完全不需要初始投資。但是，這并不意味著發展荒野旅游不需要付出任何代價。正如1992年聯合國環境與發展大會指出的那樣，這些地區是非常脆弱的(即：在異常壓力下是極容易被破壞的)，而這種破壞不僅是就當地的生態學而言，而且還會影響到當地居民的文化。在以上方面以及就其所覆蓋的地表面積的比例來說，最重要的三種脆弱環境是沙漠、高山和極地。這些地區的一個重要的特征就是顯著的季節性，在每年的很多月份里都以惡劣的環境為主。因此，包括旅游在內的大多數人類活動都被清楚地限定在一年中的某些時候。

  Tourists are drawn to these regions by their natural landscape beauty and the unique cultures of their indigenous people. And poor governments in these isolated areas have welcomed the new breed of ‘adventure tourist’, grateful for the hard currency they bring. For several years now, tourism has been the prime source of foreign exchange in Nepal and Bhutan. Tourism is also a key element in the economies of Arctic zones such as Lapland and Alaska and in desert areas such as Ayers Rock in Australia and Arizona’s Monument Valley.

  游客來到這些地方是因為他們被優美的自然風景和當地人獨一無二的文化所吸引。這些地區與外界隔絕，當地貧窮的政府很歡迎“冒險游客”的到來，這讓他們獲得了一種新的財政收人來源，尤其是游客帶來的硬通貨。近幾年來，旅游業已經成為尼泊爾和不丹的主要外匯收入來源。對于諸如拉普蘭和阿拉斯加等北極地區和包括澳大利亞艾爾斯巖石地區和亞利桑那紀念碑山谷在內的沙漠地區而言，旅游業也是當地經濟的主要來源。

  Once a location is established as a main tourist destination, the effects on the local community are profound. When hill-farmers, for example, can make more money in a few weeks working as porters for foreign trekkers than they can in a year working in their fields, it is not surprising that many of them give up their farm-work, which is thus left to other members of the family. In some hill-regions, this has led to a serious decline in farm output and a change in the local diet, because there is insufficient labour to maintain terraces and irrigation systems and tend to crops. The result has been that many people in these regions have turned to outside supplies of rice and other foods.

  一旦某地被確定為主要的旅游目的地，當地社會就會受到深遠的影響。例如，如果農民在一 周內為游客搬運行李所賺的錢比他們 種一年的田賺的還要多， 他們當然會放棄農活， 而這些 農活就留給了其他家庭成員來做。在一些山區，這導致農業生產大規模萎縮，也導致當地食 品結構發生變化，因為沒有足夠的人手來耕地、澆灌農田或者照顧莊稼。結果使得該地區的 很多人都向外界尋求大米和其他食物供給。

  In Arctic and desert societies, year-round survival has traditionally depended on hunting animals and fish and collecting fruit over a relatively short season. However, as some inhabitants become involved in tourism, they no longer have time to collect wild food; this has led to increasing dependence on bought food and stores. Tourism is not always the culprit behind such changes. All kinds of wage labour, or government handouts, tend to undermine traditional survival systems. Whatever the cause, the dilemma is always the same: what happens if these new, external sources of income dry up?

  在北極和沙漠地區，傳統上，全年的生計都依賴于在相對較短的季節里所進行的捕獵、 捕魚和果實采集活動。然而，由于某些居民從事旅游業，他們沒有時間再去采集野生食品， 這使得人們越來越依賴于在商店里購買食品。 這些變化也不能全都歸罪于旅游業。 各種有償 勞動和政府發放的物資都將破壞傳統的生存方式。不管原因是什么，困境卻只有一個：如果 這些新的外來收入資源枯竭了，該如何是好?

  The physical impact of visitors is another serious problem associated with the growth in adventure tourism. Much attention has focused on erosion along major trails, but perhaps more important are the deforestation and impacts on water supplies arising from the need to provide tourists with cooked food and hot showers. In both mountains and deserts, slow-growing trees are often the main sources of fuel and water supplies may be limited or vulnerable to degradation through heavy use.

  游客對環境的影響是另一個嚴重的問題。人們大都會關注主要鐵路沿線的土壤腐蝕問 題，但更嚴重的問題是亂砍濫伐，還有對水源供給所帶來的影響，因為當地人需要為游客提 供食物和洗澡用的熱水。在山區和沙漠地區，生長緩慢的樹木是燃料的主要來源，水源供給 也會受到亂砍濫伐的影響。

  Stories about the problems of tourism have become legion in the last few years. Yet it does not have to be a problem. Although tourism inevitably affects the region in which it takes place, the costs to these fragile environments and their local cultures can be minimized. Indeed, it can even be a vehicle for reinvigorating local cultures, as has happened with the Sherpas of Nepal’s Khumbu Valley and in some Alpine villages. And a growing number of adventure tourism operators are trying to ensure that their activities benefit the local population and environment over the long term.

  過去幾年里，旅游業所帶來的問題越來越多。但是這沒有必要成為一個問題。雖然旅游業不可避免地影響著旅游地，這些脆弱的環境和當地文化所付出的代價可以降到最低。實際上，旅游業甚至可以成為加速當地文化復興的快車，就像尼泊爾昆布山谷的雪帕族和一些阿爾卑斯山的村莊一樣。越來越多的冒險旅游業的經營者正在努力，以便確保他們的活動從長期來看有益于當地人民和環境。

  In the Swiss Alps, communities have decided that their future depends on integrating tourism more effectively with the local economy. Local concern about the rising number of second home developments in the Swiss Pays d’Enhaut resulted in limits being imposed on their growth. There has also been a renaissance in communal cheese production in the area, providing the locals with a reliable source of income that does not depend on outside visitors.

  在瑞士阿爾卑斯地區，社區決定他們未來將依靠旅游業與當地經濟更有效的整合。瑞士貝伊東地區對于持續增加的別居開發采取了強制措施以限制其發展。這個地區的公共干酪產量也得到了大幅回升，給當地人提供了不依靠外來游客的更可靠的收入來源。

  Many of the Arctic tourist destinations have been exploited by outside companies, who employ transient workers and repatriate most of the profits to their home base. But some Arctic communities are now operating tour businesses themselves, thereby ensuring that the benefits accrue locally. For instance, a native corporation in Alaska, employing local people, is running an air tour from Anchorage to Kotzebue, where tourists eat Arctic food, walk on the tundra and watch local musicians and dancers.

  很多北極地區的旅游目的地是被外來公司開發的。這些公司雇用短期工，將大部分利潤轉移到自己國家的公司總部。但是，現在一些北極社區正在自主運作旅游生意，因此能確保增加當地的收益。例如，阿拉斯加本地的公司雇用本地人開展從安克雷奇到扣贊伯的空中之旅，在那里游客可以吃到北極的食物，走在苔原上，并觀看當地音樂家和舞蹈演員的表演。

  Native people in the desert regions of the American Southwest have followed similar strategies, encouraging tourists to visit their pueblos and reservations to purchase high-quality handicrafts and artwork. The Acoma and San lldefonso pueblos have established highly profitable pottery businesses, while the Navajo and Hopi groups have been similarly successful with jewellery.

  美國西南部沙漠地區的當地人也采取了相同的策略。他們鼓勵游客到印第安村莊和保留地參觀并購買質量上乘的手工藝品和藝術品。阿科馬和珊以爾德凡索這兩個印第安村莊發展了高利潤的陶器生意，那瓦侯和候皮這兩個印第安地區在珠寶業方面也獲得了類似的成功。

  Too many people living in fragile environments have lost control over their economies, their culture and their environment when tourism has penetrated their homelands. Merely restricting tourism cannot be the solution to the imbalance, because people’s desire to see new places will not just disappear. Instead, communities in fragile environments must achieve greater control over tourism ventures in their regions, in order to balance their needs and aspirations with the demands of tourism. A growing number of communities are demonstrating that, with firm communal decision-making, this is possible. The critical question now is whether this can become the norm, rather than the exception.

  當旅游業進入自己的家鄉時，居住在脆弱環境地區的很多人失去了對經濟、文化和環境的控制。因為人們想見識新地方的強烈愿望并不會消失，所以僅僅限制旅游業并不能消除這種不平衡。處于脆弱環境的社區必須要取得對旅游業的更大的控制力，以便平衡旅游業的要求和當地人的需求和渴望。越來越多的社區表明，通過強有力的社區決策，實現這種平衡是完全可能的。現在最棘手的問題是這種平衡的實現能否成為規范，而不僅僅是特例。

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