很多雅思考生為了提高雅思閱讀分數，做了很多題目，但成效不大，這時可以想想是不是備考書籍選擇不當造成，建議考生們多多看劍橋雅思真題。上海新航道雅思小編第一時間給大家帶來了劍5Test3雅思閱讀譯文Passage3-人工智能的回歸。希望可以幫助廣大雅思考生輕松備考雅思。

  劍5Test3雅思閱讀譯文Passage3-人工智能的回歸

  The Return of Artificial Intelligence

  人工智能的回歸

  It is becoming acceptable again to talk of computers performing human tasks such as problem-solving and pattern-recognition

  談論計算機執行人類才能執行的任務，如解決問題、模式識別，再一次成為受歡迎的話題。

  A After years in the wilderness, the term ‘artificial intelligence’ (AI) seems poised to make a comeback. AI was big in the 1980s but vanished in the 1990s. It re-entered public consciousness with the release of AI, a movie about a robot boy. This has ignited public debate about AI, but the term is also being used once more within the computer industry. Researchers, executives and marketing people are now using the expression without irony or inverted commas. And it is not always hype. The term is being applied, with some justification, to products that depend on technology that was originally developed by AI researchers. Admittedly, the rehabilitation of the term has a long way to go, and some firms still prefer to avoid using it. But the fact that others are starting to use it again suggests that AI has moved on from being seen as an over-ambitious and under-achieving field of research.

  A 在失寵數年之后，“人工智能”這個詞好像在準備著東山再起。人工智能在20世紀80年代非常流行，但到了20世紀90年代卻突然消聲匿跡了。隨著《人工智能》這部關于機器男孩的電影的上映，這個詞又重新回到公眾的意識之中。雖然這部電影引發了公眾對于人工智能的辯論，但這個詞還是在計算機領域再次被使用。研究人員、行政管理人員和營銷人員使用這個詞的時候不再帶有嘲諷的意味，也不再加引號。關于這個詞，也不再總是天花亂墜的宣傳。現在，這個術語逐漸被合理地應用到某些產品中，而這些產品正是依托原來人工智能研究人員開發的技術。誠然，這個詞的復活還有待時日，而且有些公司仍盡量避免使用它。但是其他人已經開始再次使用這個詞匯，這表明人們漸漸地不再將人工智能看作是好高騖遠、無所建數的研究的代名詞。

  B The field was launched, and the term ‘artificial intelligence’ coined, at a conference in 1956, by a group of researchers that included Marvin Minsky, John McCarthy, Herbert Simon and Alan Newell, all of whom went on to become leading figures in the field. The expression provided an attractive but informative name for a research programme that encompassed such previously disparate fields as operations research, cybernetics, logic and computer science. The goal they shared was an attempt to capture or mimic human abilities using machines. That said, different groups of researchers attacked different problems, from speech recognition to chess playing, in different ways; AI unified the field in name only. But it was a term that captured the public imagination.

  B 1956 年，一組包括 Marvin Minsky、John McCarthy、Herbert Simon 和Alan Newell 在內的研究人員在一次大會上創造了“人工智能”這一名詞，并開創了這一研究領域。這幾位研究人員后來都成了這一領域的領軍人物，這個研究領域涵蓋了先前幾個毫不相關的領域，如工序研究、控制論、邏輯和計算機科學。而人工智能一詞為這個研究領域起了一個吸引人而又有實質內涵的名字。這些研究的共同目標就是試圖用機器來模擬或再現人類的能力。說到這，需要指出的是，不同的研究小組用不同的方法解決不同的問題，包栝從語音識別到下棋等眾多方面，人工智能只是在名字上將這個領域統一了起來，但這個詞卻引發了公眾的無限遐想。

  C Most researchers agree that AI peaked around 1985. A public reared on science-fiction movies and excited by the growing power of computers had high expectations. For years, AI researchers had implied that a breakthrough was just around the corner. Marvin Minsky said in 1967 that within a generation the problem of creating ‘artificial intelligence’ would be substantially solved. Prototypes of medical-diagnosis programs and speech recognition software appeared to be making progress. It proved to be a false dawn. Thinking computers and household robots failed to materialise, and a backlash ensued. ‘There was undue optimism in the early 1980s,’ says David Leake, a researcher at Indiana University. ‘Then when people realised these were hard problems, there was retrenchment. By the late 1980s, the term AI was being avoided by many researchers, who opted instead to align themselves with specific sub-disciplines such as neural networks, agent technology, case-based reasoning, and so on."

  C 大多數研究人員都認為1985年是人工智能的鼎盛時期。由科幻電影培育起來的、對計算機日益增強的能力激動不已的公眾，對人工智能抱著很高的期望。多年來，人工智能的研究人員一直暗示成功近在咫尺。1967年，Marvin Minsky曾說，建立人工智能的實質性問題在一代人的時間里就將得以解決。醫療診斷程序和語音識別軟件的雛形似乎都在取得進展。但最終這一切卻成了一場空歡喜。有思維能力的計算機和家庭機器人都沒能問世，緊接著又出現了強烈反對的輿論。印第安納大學的研究員David Leake說：“20世紀80年代早期的人們是過于樂觀了。此后人們意識到這些問題并不好解決，于是就紛紛退出。到了 20世紀80年代晚期，許多研究人員都避免使用人工智能這個詞，轉而稱自己從事的是一些具體分支學科的研究，如神經網絡、智能主體技術和個案推理等等。”

  D Ironically, in some ways AI was a victim of its own success. Whenever an apparently mundane problem was solved, such as building a system that could land an aircraft unattended, the problem was deemed not to have been AI in the first place. ‘If it works, it can’t be AI,’ as Dr Leake characterises it. The effect of repeatedly moving the goal-posts in this way was that AI came to refer to ‘blue-sky’ research that was still years away from commercialisation. Researchers joked that AI stood for ‘almost implemented’. Meanwhile, the technologies that made it onto the market, such as speech recognition, language translation and decision-support software, were no longer regarded as AI. Yet all three once fell well within the umbrella of AI research.

  D 頗具諷刺意義的是，在某些方面，人工智能反而成為自己成功的受害者。每當解決了一個現實世界中的問題，如建造了一個可以無人在場的飛機降落系統，人們都不會將此歸功于人工智能。正如Leake博士所說：“起作用的肯定不是人工智能。”這種不斷拔高研究目標所造成的后果使有關人工智能的研究成了一種純理論的研究，要實現其商業化還要很多年的時間。研究人員打趣說人工智能就是“接近完成”的代名詞。與此同時，將人工智能推向市場的許多技術，如語音識別、語言翻譯和決策支持軟件，已不再被認為是人工智能，然而這三項技術曾經一度是完全屬于人工智能研究領域的。

  E But the tide may now be turning, according to Dr Leake. HNC Software of San Diego, backed by a government agency, reckon that their new approach to artificial intelligence is the most powerful and promising approach ever discovered. HNC claim that their system, based on a cluster of 30 processors, could be used to spot camouflaged vehicles on a battlefield or extract a voice signal from a noisy background — tasks humans can do well, but computers cannot. ‘Whether or not their technology lives up to the claims made for it, the fact that HNC are emphasising the use of AI is itself an interesting development,’ says Dr Leake.

  E 據Leake博士說，現在這種趨勢可能要開始扭轉了。圣地亞哥的HNC軟件得到了某個政府機構的支持，這一軟件的研究人員認為他們處理人工智能的新方法是迄今為止所發現的最有效、最具前景的方法。HNC稱，他們這一由30個處理器支持的系統可以在戰場上發現偽裝的車輛或從嘈雜的環境中提取某一聲音信號。這些任務原來都是人可以做到、但計算機做不到的。Leake博士說：“無論他們的技術能否達到他們所宣稱的水準，HNC強調自己在使用人工智能技術本身就是一個頗有意思的進展。”

  F Another factor that may boost the prospects for AI in the near future is that investors are now looking for firms using clever technology, rather than just a clever business model, to differentiate themselves. In particular, the problem of information overload, exacerbated by the growth of e-mail and the explosion in the number of web pages, means there are plenty of opportunities for new technologies to help filter and categorise information — classic AI problems. That may mean that more artificial intelligence companies will start to emerge to meet this challenge.

  F 在不遠的將來，還可能會有另外一個使人工智能前景更光輝燦爛的因素。為了突顯自己的個性，投資者不再單純地尋求一種精明的商業模式，轉而尋求與利用智能技術的公司的合作。電子郵件和網頁數量的激增加劇了信息超載問題，這一特別的問題意味著新技術在信息過濾和分類方面將大有可為，而這些其實都是人工智能要解決的典型的問題。這就意味著更多的人工智能公司會應運而生。

  G The 1969 film, 2001:A Space Odyssey, featured an intelligent computer called HAL 9000. As well as understanding and speaking English, HAL could play chess and even learned to lipread. HAL thus encapsulated the optimism of the 1960s that intelligent computers would be widespread by 2001. But 2001 has been and gone, and there is still no sign of a HAL-like computer. Individual systems can play chess or transcribe speech, but a general theory of machine intelligence still remains elusive. It may be, however, that the comparison with HAL no longer seems quite so important, and AI can now be judged by what it can do, rather than by how well it matches up to a 30-year-old science-fiction film. ‘People are beginning to realise that there are impressive things that these systems can do.’ says Dr Leake hopefully.

  G 1969年一部名為《2001太空漫游》的電影，主要描述了一個叫HAL 9000的智能計算機的故事。HAL除了能懂英語和說英語之外，還可以下棋甚至通過觀察人的嘴唇動作來理解話意。因此HAL集中體現了 20世紀60年代的樂觀情緒，認為到了 2001年，智能計算機將得到廣泛應用。但2001年已成為過去，HAL那樣的智能計算機仍然沒有絲毫出現的跡象。單獨的系統可以下棋或轉換語音，但是仍然沒有一套關于機器智能的宏觀理論。或許，與HAL之間的比較已變得不那么重要，人工智能可以憑借自己的作為得到公正的評判，而無需與一個30多年前的科幻電影中的人工智能機器進行比照。Leake博士滿懷希望地說：“人們開始意識到人工智能系統是可以做出許多出色的工作的。”

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