上海新航道雅思小編為大家?guī)砹藙?test3雅思閱讀passage1譯文-流浪兒童的小型企業(yè)貸款，希望可以幫助廣大雅思考生輕松備考雅思。

  劍4test4雅思閱讀passage1譯文-流浪兒童的小型企業(yè)貸款

  Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth

  流浪兒童的小型企業(yè)貸款

  ‘I am from a large, poor family and for many years we have done without breakfast. Ever since I joined the Street Kids International program I have been able to buy my family sugar and buns for breakfast. I have also bought myself decent second-hand clothes and shoes.’

  Doreen Soko

  “我來自一個(gè)貧困的大家庭。我們已經(jīng)很多年沒吃過早餐了。自從加人了國際流浪兒童組織，早飯我們就吃得起糖和面包了。我還給自己買了體面的二手服裝和二手鞋子。”

  DOREEN SOKO

  ‘We’ve had business experience. Now I’m confident to expand what we’ve been doing. I’ve learnt cash management, and the way of keeping money so we save for re-investment. Now business is a part of our lives. As well, we didn’t know each other before — now we’ve made new friends.’

  Fan Kaoma

  “我們有經(jīng)商的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。現(xiàn)在我非常有信心擴(kuò)大我的生意。我學(xué)過現(xiàn)金管理以及節(jié)省開支的方法，所以現(xiàn)在存了些錢進(jìn)行再投資。生意已經(jīng)成了我生活的一部分。還有，以前我們素不相識(shí)——現(xiàn)在，我們已經(jīng)交到了很多新朋友。”

  FAN KAOMA

  Participants in the Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative Program, Zambia

  贊比亞青年創(chuàng)業(yè)計(jì)劃的參與人

  Introduction

  Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to young people. Even less attention has been paid to children living on the street or in difficult circumstances.

  簡介

  盡管在世界范圍內(nèi)，小型企業(yè)培訓(xùn)及貸款計(jì)劃已經(jīng)越來越普遍，然而相對(duì)而言，很少有人注意到年輕人也需要獲得這樣的機(jī)會(huì)。更少的人會(huì)去留意那些無家可歸或家境貧困的孩子。

  Over the past nine years, Street Kids International (S.K.I.) has been working with partner organisations in Africa, Latin America and India to support the economic lives of street children. The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons S.K.I. and our partners have learned.

  在過去的九年里，國際流浪兒童組織已經(jīng)與非洲、拉丁美洲以及印度的伙伴組織進(jìn)行合作，來改善流浪兒童的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。此文的目的主要是為了和大家分享一下他們所總結(jié)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)。

  Background

  Typically, children do not end up on the streets due to a single cause, but to a combination of factors: a dearth of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home, family breakdown and violence. The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and money. However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, urban crime, and abuse.

  背景

  通常來講，兒童流離失所并非由某個(gè)原因造成，而是若干因素綜合所致：比如缺乏擁有足夠資金的學(xué)校，家里等著用錢，父母離異以及家庭暴力等。對(duì)于孩子來講，街道可能是個(gè)令人著迷的地方，充滿了冒險(xiǎn)游戲和賺錢機(jī)會(huì)。然而，由于缺乏或根本沒有保護(hù)，有些孩子在那里遭到剝削，遭遇暴力事件甚至虐待。

  Children who work on the streets are generally involved in unskilled, labour-intensive tasks which require long hours, such as shining shoes, carrying goods, guarding or washing cars, and informal trading. Some may also earn income through begging, or through theft and other illegal activities. At the same time, there are street children who take pride in supporting themselves and their families and who often enjoy their work. Many children may choose entrepreneurship because it allows them a degree of independence, is less exploitative than many forms of paid employment, and is flexible enough to allow them to participate in other activities such as education and domestic tasks.

  在街頭工作的孩子們通常都是從事一些無需技術(shù)但工作時(shí)間超長的勞動(dòng)力密集型工作，比如擦鞋，搬運(yùn)貨物、門童或冼車，以及不正規(guī)交易。有些孩子甚至通過乞討或干盜竊等非法勾當(dāng)來賺錢。同時(shí)，也有些流浪兒童以能夠養(yǎng)活自己和家人而自豪，而且他們很喜歡所做的工作。許多孩子會(huì)選擇做生意是因?yàn)槟强梢允顾麄兿鄬?duì)獨(dú)立一些，而且做生意也比做其他許多有償工作要少受一些壓榨;生意的靈活性還使他們有時(shí)間去參與其他活動(dòng)，比如上學(xué)或是做家務(wù)。

  Street Business Partnerships

  流浪兒童就業(yè)互助計(jì)劃

  S.K.I. has worked with partner organisations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn income.

  國際流浪兒童組織與拉丁美洲、非洲及印度的伙伴組織合作，開發(fā)了讓流浪兒童賺錢的新機(jī)會(huì)。

  The S.K.I. Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Sudan. Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, and which they were required to pay for gradually from their wages. A similar program was taken up in Bangalore, India.

  國際流浪兒童組織速遞服務(wù)首先在蘇丹展開。這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃為參與者提供自行車用以遞送包裹或信件，買自行車的錢會(huì)從參與者的工資中一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)扣除。在印度的班加羅爾，一項(xiàng)類似的計(jì)劃也已經(jīng)展開。

  Another successful project, The Shoe Shine Collective, was a partnership program with the Y.W.C.A. in the Dominican Republic. In this project, participants were lent money to purchase shoe shine boxes. They were also given a safe place to store their equipment, and facilities for individual savings plans.

  在多米尼加共和國，一項(xiàng)與基督教女青年會(huì)合作，名為擦鞋合作社的計(jì)劃也已經(jīng)成功展開。這項(xiàng)計(jì)劃借錢給參與者購買擦鞋箱，還給他們提供一個(gè)安全的地方來放置擦鞋工具，同時(shí)還提供了供他們存錢的設(shè)備。

  The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society and the Y.W.C.A. Street youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to credit.

  贊比亞的青年創(chuàng)業(yè)計(jì)劃是與紅十字協(xié)會(huì)以及基督教女青年會(huì)合辦的項(xiàng)自。通過商務(wù)培訓(xùn)、生存技能訓(xùn)練以及提供貸款機(jī)會(huì)等方式，該項(xiàng)目的參與者得以開辦自己的小生意。

  Lessons learned

  The following lessons have emerged from the programs that S.K.I. and partner organisations have created.

  經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)

  在國際流浪兒童組織的計(jì)劃實(shí)施過程中，出現(xiàn)了下列教訓(xùn)：

  Being an entrepreneur is not for everyone, nor for every street child. Ideally, potential participants will have been involved in the organisation’s programs for at least six months, and trust and relationship-building will have already been established.

  不是每個(gè)人都是做生意的料，流浪兒童也一樣。理想狀態(tài)下，孩子們至少應(yīng)該參與計(jì)劃六個(gè)月以上，這樣雙方之間可以建立起信任關(guān)系。

  The involvement of the participants has been essential to the development of relevant programs. When children have had a major role in determining procedures, they are more likely to abide by and enforce them.

  參與者的投入對(duì)于建立相關(guān)計(jì)劃十分重要。如果孩子們?cè)谥贫ㄒ?guī)程過程中起到關(guān)鍵作用，他們就更可能去遵守并執(zhí)行這些規(guī)定。

  It is critical for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life skills.

  關(guān)鍵是所有的貸款都要與培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃眹系起來，培訓(xùn)計(jì)劃應(yīng)該包括基本商業(yè)技能及生存技能的開發(fā)。

  There are tremendous advantages to involving parents or guardians in the program, where such relationships exist. Home visits allow staff the opportunity to know where the participants live, and to understand more about each individual’s situation.

  如果條件允許的話，容許家長或監(jiān)護(hù)人參與計(jì)劃是十分有好處的。家訪使工作人員有機(jī)會(huì)知曉孩子們的住址，并且可以更好地了解每個(gè)人所處的環(huán)境。

  Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assets such as bicycles, shoe shine kits and basic building materials for a market stall. As the entrepreneurs gain experience, the enterprises can be gradually expanded and consideration can be given to increasing loan amounts. The loan amounts in S.K.I. programs have generally ranged from US$30-$100.

  開始的時(shí)候應(yīng)該給孩子們提供一些小額貸款，以便他們購買如自行車、擦鞋設(shè)備以及市場攤位的原材料等固定資產(chǎn)。當(dāng)從業(yè)者有了經(jīng)驗(yàn)之后，就可以考慮擴(kuò)大生意規(guī)模，并且考慮提髙貸款金額。國際流浪兒童組織計(jì)劃中的貸款額度通常在30到100美元不等。

  All S.K.I. programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the entrepreneurs used to the concept of paying interest on borrowed money. Generally the rates have been modest (lower than bank rates).

  國際流浪兒童組織所有的計(jì)劃都會(huì)對(duì)貸款收取利息。這樣做的主要目的是使貸款人習(xí)慣為借來的錢支付利息。通常來講，這種利息都很低(一般低于銀行利率)。

  Conclusion

  There is a need to recognise the importance of access to credit for impoverished young people seeking to fulfil economic needs. The provision of small loans to support the entrepreneurial dreams and ambitions of youth can be an effective means to help them change their lives. However, we believe that credit must be extended in association with other types of support that help participants develop critical life skills as well as productive businesses.

  結(jié)論

  我們需要認(rèn)識(shí)到，為貧困的年輕人提供貸款以滿足他們的經(jīng)濟(jì)需求是十分重要的。通過提供小額貸款，實(shí)現(xiàn)年輕人的經(jīng)商夢(mèng)，是幫助他們改變?nèi)松挠行緩健Ｈ欢覀冋J(rèn)為貸款必須與其他形式的援助一起開展，才能幫助年輕人在生意興隆的同時(shí)，發(fā)展出其他關(guān)鍵的生存技巧。

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