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  劍4Test4閱讀Passage1原文翻譯-人類的運動極限沒有盡頭

  How much higher? How much faster?

  —Limits to human sporting performance are not yet in sight—

  多高?多快?

  —人類的運動極限沒有盡頭

  Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects, themselves included, through space. For the so-called power events — that require a relatively brief, explosive release of energy, like the 100-metre sprint and the long jump — times and distances have improved ten to twenty per cent. In the endurance events the results have been more dramatic. At the 1908 Olympics, John Hayes of the U.S. team ran a marathon in a time of 2:55:18. In 1999, Morocco’s Khalid Khannouchi set a new world record of 2:05:42, almost thirty per cent faster.

  自從20世紀早期國際田聯開始記錄成績以來，運動員奔跑的速度，跳的高度，投擲重物的距離都在穩步提髙。在那些需要爆發力的項目，比如100米跑和跳遠項目中，時間和距離都提高了10%-20%。在耐力項目中，運動成績提高得更多。1908年的奧運會上，美國隊的約翰?海因跑出了2小時55分18秒的馬拉松成績。在1999年，摩洛哥的選手海耶斯以2小時05分42秒的成績創造了新的世界記錄，幾乎提高了30%。

  No one theory can explain improvements in performance, but the most important factor has been genetics. ‘The athlete must choose his parents carefully,’ says Jesus Dapena, a sports scientist at Indiana University, invoking an oftcited adage. Over the past century, the composition of the human gene pool has not changed appreciably, but with increasing global participation in athletics — and greater rewards to tempt athletes — it is more likely that individuals possessing the unique complement of genes for athletic performance can be identified early. ‘Was there someone like [sprinter] Michael Johnson in the 1920s?’ Dapena asks. ‘I’m sure there was, but his talent was probably never realised.’

  沒有任何一個人的理論可以解釋成績的提高，但是最重要的因素是基因。印第安納大學的運動科學家Jesus Dapena援引一常用諺語說“運動員必須小心選擇自己的父母。”在過去的一個世紀里，人類基因庫的成分并沒有顯著地變化，只是全世界有越來越多的人參與了這項運動，誘惑運動員提髙成績的物質獎勵也越來越多，因此現在比以往更有可能盡早發現那些獨具運動員基因的個體。Dapena問道：“在20世紀20年代，能找到像短跑運動員邁克?杰克遜一樣的人嗎?我敢肯定是能的，只是人們從未意識到他身上具有的才能。”

  Identifying genetically talented individuals is only the first step. Michael Yessis, an emeritus professor of Sports Science at California State University at Fullerton, maintains that ‘genetics only determines about one third of what an athlete can do. But with the right training we can go much further with that one third than we’ve been going.’ Yessis believes that U.S. runners, despite their impressive achievements, are ‘running on their genetics’. By applying more scientific methods, ‘they’re going to go much faster’. These methods include strength training that duplicates what they are doing in their running events as well as plyometrics, a technique pioneered in the former Soviet Union.

  識別基因優秀的個體只是第一步。加州大學FuUerton分校的運動科學系的退休教授Michael Yessis認為基因在運動員的表現上只起三分之一的作用。但是，輔以正確的訓練，我們可以做得更好。他認為美國的賽跑選手盡管已取得了眾多驕人成績，但他們是“靠他們的基因在跑”。通過使用更多的科學訓練方法，“他們將跑得更快”。這些方法包括力量訓練。這些訓練再現運動員在比賽中的動作，并應用了前蘇聯首先使用的一種訓練技巧——增強式訓練模式。

  Whereas most exercises are designed to build up strength or endurance, plyometrics focuses on increasing power — the rate at which an athlete can expend energy. When a sprinter runs, Yessis explains, her foot stays in contact with the ground for just under a tenth of a second, half of which is devoted to landing and the other half to pushing off. Plyometric exercises help athletes make the best use of this brief interval.

  雖然絕大多數的訓練用來提高力量或者持久性，增強式訓練注重提高力——即運動員使用能量的速度。Yessis解釋到，在一個短跑運動員跑步時，她的腳和地面接觸少于1/10秒，在這1/10秒中，一半的時間用于著地，另一半的時間用于蹬地。增強式訓練能幫助運動員最好地利用這一短暫的間隙。

  Nutrition is another area that sports trainers have failed to address adequately. ‘Many athletes are not getting the best nutrition, even through supplements,’ Yessis insists. Each activity has its own nutritional needs. Few coaches, for instance, understand how deficiencies in trace minerals can lead to injuries.

  營養是另一個沒有得到運動教練足夠重視的方面。Yessis堅稱，即使吃了補品，很多運動員也沒有得到最好的營養。毎一項活動都有自己的營養需求。到目前為止，幾乎沒有教練懂得微量礦物質的缺乏是怎樣使運動員受傷的。

  Focused training will also play a role in enabling records to be broken. ‘If we applied the Russian training model to some of the outstanding runners we have in this country,’ Yessis asserts, ‘they would be breaking records left and right.’ He will not predict by how much, however: ‘Exactly what the limits are it’s hard to say, but there will be increases even if only by hundredths of a second, as long as our training continues to improve.’

  在打破記錄方面，集中訓練也起了作用。Yessis斷言：“如果對我們國內的一些杰出賽跑運動員采取俄羅斯的訓練模式，他們將會經常破記錄。”但是，他沒有預測能在多大程度上破記錄。“實際上極限在什么地方是很難說的，但是只要我們的訓練不斷增強，就會有提高，哪怕只有1/100秒。”

  One of the most important new methodologies is biomechanics, the study of the body in motion. A biomechanic films an athlete in action and then digitizes her performance, recording the motion of every joint and limb in three dimensions. By applying Newton’s laws to these motions, ‘we can say that this athlete’s run is not fast enough; that this one is not using his arms strongly enough during take-off,’ says Dapena, who uses these methods to help high jumpers. To date, however, biomechanics has made only a small difference to athletic performance.

  最重要的新方法之一就是生物力學，研究運動中身體的學科。生物力學將一個在運動中的運動員拍下來，然后將她的表現資料數字化，在三維空間上記錄下每一個關節和肢體的運動。通過在三維空間采用牛頓定律，“我們可以得出結論：這個運動員的奔跑速度不夠快，在起跑的過程中并沒有強有力地使用胳膊，”Dapena說道。Dapena用這些方法幫助跳高運動員。然而，到目前為止，生物力學對運動員的進步起到的作用不大。

  Revolutionary ideas still come from the athletes themselves. For example, during the 1968 Olympics in Mexico City, a relatively unknown high jumper named Dick Fosbury won the gold by going over the bar backwards, in complete contradiction of all the received high-jumping wisdom, a move instantly dubbed the Fosbury flop. Fosbury himself did not know what he was doing. That understanding took the later analysis of biomechanics specialists, who put their minds to comprehending something that was too complex and unorthodox ever to have been invented through their own mathematical simulations. Fosbury also required another element that lies behind many improvements in athletic performance: an innovation in athletic equipment. In Fosbury’s case, it was the cushions that jumpers land on. Traditionally, high jumpers would land in pits filled with sawdust. But by Fosbury’s time, sawdust pits had been replaced by soft foam cushions, ideal for flopping.

  革命性的觀點同樣還來自運動員自己。比如，在1968年墨西哥城的奧運會上，一個相對來說不是很出名的運動員迪克?F，使用了一個向后跳躍的方法獲得了金牌，他的這個方法和當時已有的跳髙方法完全不同，馬上被命名為F式落法(既背越式)。他本人并不知道他正在做什么。生物力學專家后來對他的方法進行了分析，并理解了這一方法。這些專家絞盡腦汁去理解這種過于復雜和非傳統的方法，而這一方法在他們自己的數學模擬中都沒有出現過。F式落法還需要另一個條件來提高運動員的成績：運動裝備上的革新。在迪克?F例子中，這一元素正是運動員著陸的墊子。傳統意義上，跳髙運動員都會著陸在填滿木屑的深坑里。但是到了迪克?F的年代，填滿木屑的深坑被軟泡沫墊子代替了，而這種墊子是這種跳法再理想不過的裝備了。

  In the end, most people who examine human performance are humbled by the resourcefulness of athletes and the powers of the human body. ‘Once you study athletics, you learn that it’s a vexingly complex issue,’ says John S. Raglin, a sports psychologist at Indiana University. ‘Core performance is not a simple or mundane thing of higher, faster, longer. So many variables enter into the equation, and our understanding in many cases is fundamental. We've got a long way to go.’ For the foreseeable future, records will be made to be broken.

  終于，大多數研究人員被運動員的充沛的體力和人類身體的力量所折服了。“一旦你開始研究運動，你就會發現這是一個令人懊惱的復雜的問題/印第安納大學的運動心理學家John S. Raglin說：“不是簡簡單單的更高，更快，更強就可以提髙核心成績的。有很多的變量要引入這一方程式，我們對很多情況的理解都是最基本的。我們還有很長的路要走。”在可預見的將來，記錄將被打破。

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