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  劍6雅思閱讀Test1passage1原文翻譯-澳大利亞的體育成就

  A They play hard, they play often, and they play to win. Australian sports teams win more than their fair share of titles, demolishing rivals with seeming ease. How do they do it? A big part of the secret is an extensive and expensive network of sporting academies underpinned by science and medicine. At the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), hundreds of youngsters and pros live and train under the eyes of coaches. Another body, the Australian Sports Commission (ASC), finances programmes of excellence in a total of 96 sports for thousands of sportsmen and women. Both provide intensive coaching, training facilities and nutritional advice.

  A他們努力競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，他們積極參與，他們參加比賽完全為了取勝。澳大利亞體育勁旅輕松擊敗對(duì)手，取得輝煌戰(zhàn)績(jī)。他們何以做到這一點(diǎn)?成功的秘密在于一個(gè)由體育學(xué)院和科研機(jī)構(gòu)組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，該網(wǎng)絡(luò)以科學(xué)與醫(yī)學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)，涉及面廣且耗資巨大。在澳大利亞體育學(xué)院(AIS)里，數(shù)百名青年選手與職業(yè)運(yùn)動(dòng)員在教練的指導(dǎo)下共同生活和訓(xùn)練。另一家機(jī)構(gòu)——澳大利亞體育運(yùn)動(dòng)委員會(huì)(ASC)，則為總計(jì)96項(xiàng)體育運(yùn)動(dòng)中項(xiàng)目的數(shù)千名表現(xiàn)突出的男女運(yùn)動(dòng)員提供資助。上述兩家機(jī)構(gòu)均提供強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練、訓(xùn)練設(shè)備和營(yíng)養(yǎng)咨詢服務(wù)。

  B Inside the academies, science takes centre stage. The AIS employs more than 100 sports scientists and doctors, and collaborates with scores of others in universities and research centres. AIS scientists work across a number of sports, applying skills learned in one — such as building muscle strength in golfers — to others, such as swimming and squash. They are backed up by technicians who design instruments to collect data from athletes. They all focus on one aim: winning. ‘We can’t waste our time looking at ethereal scientific questions that don’t help the coach work with an athlete and improve performance,’ says Peter Fricker, chief of science at AIS.

  B 科學(xué)在體育科研機(jī)構(gòu)中的地位舉足輕重。AIS不僅雇用了上百名在體育方面深有研究的科學(xué)家和醫(yī)生，還與大學(xué)及研究中心的幾十名專家學(xué)者致力合作。AIS的科學(xué)家們同時(shí)研究多個(gè)體育項(xiàng)目，并將一個(gè)項(xiàng)目中的研究成果跨界應(yīng)用，例如將增強(qiáng)髙爾夫球運(yùn)動(dòng)員肌肉力量的訓(xùn)練方法應(yīng)用于游泳和壁球中。科學(xué)家們也得到了那些設(shè)計(jì)專用儀器來(lái)收集運(yùn)動(dòng)員資料的技術(shù)人員們的強(qiáng)大支持。他們都只關(guān)注一個(gè)目標(biāo)：勝利。AIS的科研主管彼得?弗里克說(shuō)：“我們不能在不切實(shí)際的科學(xué)問(wèn)題上浪費(fèi)時(shí)間，它們既無(wú)法協(xié)助教練指導(dǎo)運(yùn)動(dòng)員，也無(wú)法提高運(yùn)動(dòng)員本身的能力。”

  C A lot of their work comes down to measurement — everything from the exact angle of a swimmer’s dive to the second-by-second power output of a cyclist. This data is used to wring improvements out of athletes. The focus is on individuals, tweaking performances to squeeze an extra hundredth of a second here, an extra millimetre there. No gain is too slight to bother with. It’s the tiny, gradual improvements that add up to world-beating results. To demonstrate how the system works, Bruce Mason at AIS shows off the prototype of a 3D analysis tool for studying swimmers. A wire-frame model of a champion swimmer slices through the water, her arms moving in slow motion. Looking side-on, Mason measures the distance between strokes. From above, he analyses how her spine swivels. When fully developed, this system will enable him to build a biomechanical profile for coaches to use to help budding swimmers. Mason’s contribution to sport also includes the development of the SWAN (Swimming Analysis) system now used in Australian national competitions. It collects images from digital cameras running at 50 frames a second and breaks down each part of a swimmer’s performance into factors that can be analysed individually — stroke length, stroke frequency, average duration of each stroke, velocity, start, lap and finish times, and so on. At the end of each race, SWAN spits out data on each swimmer.

  C 專家們的許多工作都涉及具體測(cè)量，測(cè)量?jī)?nèi)容包括從游泳運(yùn)動(dòng)員潛水的精確角度到自行車運(yùn)動(dòng)員每秒功率輸出的所有數(shù)據(jù)。這些資料將有助于運(yùn)動(dòng)員發(fā)揮最大的潛力來(lái)提高運(yùn)動(dòng)能力。工作核心是以人為本，其目的在于促使運(yùn)動(dòng)員發(fā)揮最大潛力來(lái)提高哪怕是百分之一秒的速度或者是一毫米的成績(jī)。無(wú)論多么微小的收獲都值得為之努力。正是這些跬步的積累，才使得澳大利亞取得舉世矚目的體育成就。為了說(shuō)明系統(tǒng)運(yùn)作的原理，AIS的科學(xué)家布魯斯?梅森展示了為研究游泳運(yùn)動(dòng)員而設(shè)計(jì)的三維分析工具模型。只見一個(gè)游泳冠軍獲得者的線框模型劃開水面，她的雙臂以慢動(dòng)作的形式劃動(dòng)。側(cè)面觀察，梅森可以測(cè)量每次劃動(dòng)中運(yùn)動(dòng)員前進(jìn)的距離。俯視觀察，他可以分析這位運(yùn)動(dòng)員的脊柱是怎樣轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的。該系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)完成后，他將能夠?yàn)榻叹殏兘⑸锪W(xué)的模型，協(xié)助培養(yǎng)游泳運(yùn)動(dòng)員。梅森對(duì)體育事業(yè)的貢獻(xiàn)還包括游泳運(yùn)動(dòng)分析系統(tǒng)(SWAN)的開發(fā)，該系統(tǒng)現(xiàn)在正廣泛應(yīng)用于澳大利亞各項(xiàng)全國(guó)賽事之中。系統(tǒng)采用攝影頻率為50格/秒的數(shù) 碼相機(jī)收集影像，然后將游泳運(yùn)動(dòng)員的每個(gè)動(dòng)作都分解成可分析的因素.例如劃距、劃頻、每個(gè)劃水動(dòng)作 的平均持續(xù)時(shí)間、速率、出發(fā)時(shí)間、往返時(shí)間和結(jié)束時(shí)間等等。每次比賽結(jié)束后，SWAN都會(huì)給出每名運(yùn)動(dòng)員的數(shù)據(jù)資料。

  D ‘Take a look,’ says Mason, pulling out a sheet of data. He points out the data on the swimmers in second and third place, which shows that the one who finished third actually swam faster. So why did he finish 35 hundredths of a second down? ‘His turn times were 44 hundredths of a second behind the other guy,’ says Mason. ‘If he can improve on his turns, he can do much better.’ This is the kind of accuracy that AIS scientists’ research is bringing to a range of sports. With the Cooperative Research Centre for Micro Technology in Melbourne, they are developing unobtrusive sensors that will be embedded in an athlete’s clothes or running shoes to monitor heart rate, sweating, heat production or any other factor that might have an impact on an athlete’s ability to run. There’s more to it than simply measuring performance. Fricker gives the example of athletes who may be down with coughs and colds 11 or 12 times a year. After years of experimentation, AIS and the University of Newcastle in New South Wales developed a test that measures how much of the immune-system protein immunoglobulin A is present in athletes’ saliva. If IgA levels suddenly fall below a certain level, training is eased or dropped altogether. Soon, IgA levels start rising again, and the danger passes. Since the tests were introduced, AIS athletes in all sports have been remarkably successful at staying healthy.

  D“請(qǐng)看，”梅森一邊說(shuō)一邊抽出一張數(shù)據(jù)資料分析表。他指出獲得第二名和第三名運(yùn)動(dòng)員的資料，數(shù)據(jù)證明游的最快的人其實(shí)是獲得第三名的選手。那么，為什么他會(huì)以0. 35秒之差落后呢?梅森解釋說(shuō)：“他轉(zhuǎn)身所需的時(shí)間比另一名選手長(zhǎng)0.44秒、如果能夠提高轉(zhuǎn)身的技能，他的成績(jī)將會(huì)大大提高。”AIS科學(xué)家們的研究將這種精確性帶到各種體育項(xiàng)目之中。他們正與位于墨爾本的微技術(shù)合作研究中心合作，共同開發(fā)可嵌人運(yùn)動(dòng)員衣服或跑鞋里的微型傳感器，用以監(jiān)控心律、出汗情況、發(fā)熱量以及其他一切可能對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)員賽跑能力造成影響的因素。這不僅僅是簡(jiǎn)單地測(cè)評(píng)運(yùn)動(dòng)員們的表現(xiàn)。弗里克舉了個(gè)每年都會(huì)因感冒咳嗽而病倒十一二次的運(yùn)動(dòng)員的例子來(lái)說(shuō)明了這一點(diǎn)。經(jīng)過(guò)多年試驗(yàn)，AIS與新南威爾士州的紐卡斯?fàn)柎髮W(xué)合作研發(fā)出一種測(cè)試，以測(cè)量運(yùn)動(dòng)員唾液中免疫球蛋白A的含量如果免疫球蛋白A的含量突然降到某一水平之下，訓(xùn)練就會(huì)減弱強(qiáng)度或完全停止。不久，免疫球蛋白A水平開始回升，危險(xiǎn)也最終消除。自推行該測(cè)試以來(lái)，AIS所有體育項(xiàng)目的運(yùn)動(dòng)員們都非常成功地保持著良好的健康狀態(tài)。

  E Using data is a complex business. Well before a championship, sports scientists and coaches start to prepare the athlete by developing a ‘competition model’, based on what they expect will be the winning times.’ You design the model to make that time,’ says Mason.’ A start of this much, each free-swimming period has to be this fast, with a certain stroke frequency and stroke length, with turns done in these times.’ All the training is then geared towards making the athlete hit those targets, both overall and for each segment of the race. Techniques like these have transformed Australia into arguably the world’s most successful sporting nation.

  E 數(shù)據(jù)資料的分析與應(yīng)用十分復(fù)雜。在錦標(biāo)賽開始之前，體育科學(xué)家和教練們就早早著手訓(xùn)練運(yùn)動(dòng)員， 為比賽做好準(zhǔn)備。基于預(yù)期中將能奪冠的速度，他們力圖使運(yùn)動(dòng)員進(jìn)入“競(jìng)賽模式”。梅森說(shuō)：“人們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)一種模式以達(dá)到預(yù)期的速度，該模式規(guī)定了出發(fā)時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短、每次劃水的速率、一定的劃頻和劃距、轉(zhuǎn)身所需的時(shí)間等等。”因此，無(wú)論是針對(duì)比賽整體還是其每個(gè)組成部分，所有的訓(xùn)練都是為了使運(yùn)動(dòng)員達(dá)到這些目標(biāo)。諸如此類的先進(jìn)科技已使澳大利亞成為了一個(gè)當(dāng)之無(wú)愧的世界體育強(qiáng)國(guó)。

  F Of course, there’s nothing to stop other countries copying — and many have tried. Some years ago, the AIS unveiled coolant-lined jackets for endurance athletes. At the Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996, these sliced as much as two per cent off cyclists’ and rowers’ times. Now everyone uses them. The same has happened to the ‘a(chǎn)ltitude tent’, developed by AIS to replicate the effect of altitude training at sea level. But Australia’s success story is about more than easily copied technological fixes, and up to now no nation has replicated its all-encompassing system.

  F 當(dāng)然，許多國(guó)家都曾嘗試著模仿，這是無(wú)法避免的。十幾年前，AIS為進(jìn)行耐力講練的運(yùn)動(dòng)員設(shè)計(jì)出一款流線型散熱運(yùn)動(dòng)服。在1996年舉辦的亞特蘭大奧運(yùn)會(huì)上，該運(yùn)動(dòng)服為自行車運(yùn)動(dòng)員和劃艇選手們減少了2%的比賽時(shí)間。現(xiàn)在，所有的選手都在使用這種新型運(yùn)動(dòng)服。“高原帳篷”也是如此，這是AIS為了模仿在海平面髙度地點(diǎn)的訓(xùn)練效果而設(shè)計(jì)研發(fā)的。然而，澳大利亞的成功故事絕不僅僅是些可以機(jī)械復(fù)制的技術(shù)方案，這也是為何時(shí)至今日也沒(méi)有任何國(guó)家能夠效仿其包羅萬(wàn)象的訓(xùn)練系統(tǒng)。

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