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  Visual Symbols and the Blind

  盲人與視覺符號

  Part 1

  From a number of recent studies, it has become clear that blind people can appreciate the use of outlines and perspectives to describe the arrangement of objects and other surfaces in space. But pictures are more than literal representations. This fact was drawn to my attention dramatically when a blind woman in one of my investigations decided on her own initiative to draw a wheel as it was spinning. To show this motion, she traced a curve inside the circle (Fig. 1). I was taken aback. Lines of motion, such as the one she used, are a very recent invention in the history of illustration. Indeed, as art scholar David Kunzle notes, Wilhelm Busch, a trend-setting nineteenth-century cartoonist, used virtually no motion lines in his popular figures until about 1877.

  第一部分

  最近的幾次研究表明，盲人可以理解用輪廓線和透視法來描述物體排列及空間平面的方法。但是，圖畫不只是表面意思的體現。在研究中，一名盲人女性自發地畫出了一個轉動的車輪，這就引起了我對上述事實的極大關注。為了展示這樣一個動作，她在圓圈中畫了一條曲線(見圖1)。我大吃一驚。像她所使用的這種運動線是插圖史上最近的發明。實際上，正如藝術學者David Kunzle指出的那樣，Wilhelm Busch，一名引領潮流的19世紀卡通畫家，直到1877年才開始在其最流行的人物身上使用運動線。

  When I asked several other blind study subjects to draw a spinning wheel, one particularly clever rendition appeared repeatedly: several subjects showed the wheel’s spokes as curved lines. When asked about these curves, they all described them as metaphorical ways of suggesting motion. Majority rule would argue that this device somehow indicated motion very well. But was it a better indicator than, say, broken or wavy lines — or any other kind of line, for that matter The answer was not clear. So I decided to test whether various lines of motion were apt ways of showing movement or if they were merely idiosyncratic marks. Moreover, I wanted to discover whether there were differences in how the blind and the sighted interpreted lines of motion.

  當我要其他接受研究的盲人對象畫出轉動中的車輪時，一種特別聰明的畫法反復出現了：幾個人把車條畫成了曲線。當被問到為什么要用曲線的時候，他們都說這是喑示運動的一種帶有隱喻意味的方法。多數原則會認為從某種角度來講，這個圖案充分地表示了運動。但是就此而言，曲線是不是比，比如說虛線，波浪線或者其他任何一種線條，更能說明問題呢?答案是不確定的。所以我決定測試一下，不同的運動線是否就是表現運動的恰當方式，而或它們只是一些特殊的符號而已。進一步而言，我還想找出盲人和普通人在詮釋運動線時的不同之處。

  To search out these answers, I created raised-line drawings of five different wheels, depicting spokes with lines that curved, bent, waved, dashed and extended beyond the perimeter of the wheel. I then asked eighteen blind volunteers to feel the wheels and assign one of the following motions to each wheel: wobbling, spinning fast, spinning steadily, jerking or braking. My control group consisted of eighteen sighted undergraduates from the University of Toronto.

  為了找出答案，我用凸起線條做出了五幅有關輪子的畫，車條被畫成大曲線，小曲線，波浪線，虛線以及超出車輪的直線。然后，我讓18名盲人志愿者撫摩這些輪子，并且將它們分別與下列運動中的一個搭配：不穩定地轉動，飛速轉動，穩定地轉動，顛簸和剎車。參照組則是由來自于多倫多大學的18名普通大學生組成的。

  All but one of the blind subjects assigned distinctive motions to each wheel. Most guessed that the curved spokes indicated that the wheel was spinning steadily; the wavy spokes, they thought, suggested that the wheel was wobbling; and the bent spokes were taken as a sign that the wheel was jerking. Subjects assumed that spokes extending beyond the wheel’s perimeter signified that the wheel had its brakes on and that dashed spokes indicated the wheel was spinning quickly.

  除了一個人，其他所有的盲人都將具體的動作與車輪搭配了起來。大多數人猜測被畫成大曲線的車條表示車輪正在穩定地轉動;而他們認為波浪線車條表示車輪在不穩定地轉動，小曲線則被認為是車輪正在顛簸的象征。受試者推測，超出車輪邊緣的車條代表車輪正處在剎車狀態，而虛線車條則說明車輪正在飛快地旋轉。

  In addition, the favoured description for the sighted was the favoured description for the blind in every instance. What is more, the consensus among the sighted was barely higher than that among the blind. Because motion devices are unfamiliar to the blind, the task I gave them involved some problem solving. Evidently, however, the blind not only figured out meanings for each line of motion, but as a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did sighted subjects.

  另外，在毎種情況下，普通人喜愛的表達與盲人喜愛的基本一致。更有甚者，盲人之間的共識幾乎與普通人的一樣高。因為盲人不熟悉運動裝置，因此這個任務對他們而言相當困難。然而，很明顯，盲人不僅能夠搞清楚每種運動線所代表的意義，而且作為一個團隊，他們達成共識的頻率也不比普通人低。

  Part 2

  We have found that the blind understand other kinds of visual metaphors as well. One blind woman drew a picture of a child inside a heart — choosing that symbol, she said, to show that love surrounded the child. With Chang Hong Liu, a doctoral student from China, I have begun exploring how well blind people understand the symbolism behind shapes such as hearts that do not directly represent their meaning.

  第二部分

  我們還發現盲人同樣可以理解其他的視覺隱喻。有個盲人女性在心形中畫了個小孩兒——她說選擇心形是為了表示這個孩子周圍充滿了愛。于是，我和劉長虹，一名來自中國的博士生，開始探索盲人對如心形這樣含義不直白的圖形的象征意義，到底理解到了何種程度。

  We gave a list of twenty pairs of words to sighted subjects and asked them to pick from each pair the term that best related to a circle and the term that best related to a square. For example, we asked: What goes with soft A circle or a square Which shape goes with hard

  我們給普通受試者一張有二十對詞的單子，并且要求他們從每一對詞當中挑一個最能代表圓形的詞以及一個最能代表方形的詞。舉個例子，我們會問：“哪個形狀和柔軟有關?圓形還是方形?哪個形狀表示堅硬?”

  All our subjects deemed the circle soft and the square hard. A full 94% ascribed happy to the circle, instead of sad. But other pairs revealed less agreement: 79% matched fast to slow and weak to strong, respectively. And only 51% linked deep to circle and shallow to square. (See Fig. 2.) When we tested four totally blind volunteers using the same list, we found that their choices closely resembled those made by the sighted subjects. One man, who had been blind since birth, scored extremely well. He made only one match differing from the consensus, assigning ‘far’ to square and ‘near’ to circle. In fact, only a small majority of sighted subjects — 53% — had paired far and near to the opposite partners. Thus, we concluded that the blind interpret abstract shapes as sighted people do.

  所有的受試者都認為圓形代表柔軟，方形代表堅硬。高達94%的人將快樂歸給了圓形，而沒有選悲傷。但是在其他詞組上，不同意見就出現了：79%的人分別認為圓是快的而方是慢的，圓是弱的而方是強的。只有51%的人將深與圓形相連，將淺與方形相連(見圖2)。當我們用同樣的單子去測試四個完全失明的人時，他們的選擇幾乎與普通受試者的一模一樣。有個先天失明的人做得極好。他的選擇只有一個與眾不同，那就是把“遠”與方形聯系起來而把“近”同圓形聯系起來。實際上，也只有剛剛過半53%的普通受試者認為圓形代表遠，而方形代表近。因此，我們可以得出結論，盲人同普通人一樣能夠理解抽象的圖形。

  劍橋雅思4Test1passage3閱讀題目

  Questions 27-29

  Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

  Write your answers in boxes 27-29 on your answer sheet.

  27 In the first paragraph the writer makes the point that blind people.

  A may be interested in studying art.

  B can draw outlines of different objects and surfaces.

  C can recognise conventions such as perspective.

  D can draw accurately.

  28 The writer was surprised because the blind woman

  A drew a circle on her own initiative.

  B did not understand what a wheel looked like.

  C included a symbol representing movement.

  D was the first person to use lines of motion.

  29 From the experiment described in Part 1, the writer found that the blind subjects

  A had good understanding of symbols representing movement.

  B could control the movement of wheels very accurately.

  C worked together well as a group in solving problems.

  D got better results than the sighted undergraduates.

  Questions 30-32

  Look at the following diagrams (Questions 30-32), and the list of types of movement below. Match each diagram to the type of movement A-E generally assigned to it the experiment. Choose the correct letter A-E and write them in boxes 30-32 on your answer sheet.

  A steady spinning

  B jerky movement

  C rapid spinning

  D wobbling movement

  E use of brakes

  Questions 33-39

  Complete the summary below using words from the box.

  Write your answers in boxes 33-39 on your answer sheet.

  NB You may use any word more than once.

  In the experiment described in Part 2, a set of word 33…… was used to investigate whether blind and sighted people perceived the symbolism in abstract 34…… in the same way. Subjects were asked which word fitted best with a circle and which with a square. From the 35… volunteers, everyone thought a circle fitted ‘soft’ while a square fitted ‘hard’.

  However, only 51% of the 36…… volunteers assigned a circle to 37…… . When the test was later repeated with 38…… volunteers, it was found that they made 39…… choices.

  associations blind deep hard

  hundred identical pairs shapes

  sighted similar shallow soft

  words

  Question 40

  Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.

  Write your answer in box 40 on your answer sheet.

  Which of the following statements best summarises the writer’s general conclusion

  A The blind represent some aspects of reality differently from sighted people.

  B The blind comprehend visual metaphors in similar ways to sighted people.

  C The blind may create unusual and effective symbols to represent reality.

  D The blind may be successful artists if given the right training.

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