句子簡化題是托福閱讀十大題型之一，根據托福官方OG的說明每篇出0-1道，現階段實際上基本穩定在一篇1道，是托福閱讀必考的題型之一。考試難度雖然因人而異，但整體來說句子簡化題對閱讀20分以下的同學具有普遍的殺傷力。

  縱觀托福閱讀考試全局，句子簡化題以句子為考察單位(實質是長難句分析)，是其他題型(基于句子基本信息、句間邏輯關系、段落文章結構等)考察的基礎。換言之， 具備解決句子簡化題的能力是應對托福閱讀的基本要求。

  句子簡化題的出題形式簡單規范，句子本身在文章中已經標亮，所有的句子簡化題具有相同的題目要求：

  Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

  下面哪個句子最好的表達了文中用陰影標示的句子中的基本信息?錯誤選項對原句意思有重大改變，或漏掉了原句的基本信息。

  通過題目要求可以總結出解決句子簡化題的原則： 正確選項要表達原句基本信息，(基本信息的)意思不能有大的變動，基本信息不能有所遺漏。

  原則反復提及的基本信息，很多同學的第一反應為句子意思，然后對整個句子進行翻譯，憑借一個大體的意思去選擇。 但基本信息不是全部信息，基本信息 = 全部信息 - 次要信息。 所以我們的第一個思路就是厘清句子主次。

  要厘清句子主次，免不了對句子進行結構分析。簡單句的基本句型有主謂 / 主系表 / 主謂賓 / 主謂雙賓 /主謂賓補，其中主、謂、賓表達誰干了什么，這應該是我們要找的基本信息，也就是句子主干。

  分析句子結構，厘清句子主次，找句子主干，是句子簡化題的基本解題思路。 這對大多數考生來說并不難理解，可是相當的學生做題時卻又把它拋諸腦后，比如對下面這道題，很多學生讀完句子，第一反應句子的基本信息對應最后的 where 部分。

  TPO 20 PASSAGE 2 (下載，請點擊：托福閱讀TPO1-49文本及下載)

  EARLY SETTLEMENTS IN SOUTHWEST ASIA

  Many complex factors led to the adoption of the new economies, not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as 'Ain Ghazal, also in Syria, where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks of abrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domestic stock.

  Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

  A. In many areas besides Abu Hureyra, complex factors led to new economies including the herding of domestic stock.

  B. In 'Ain Ghazal and Syria, domestic stock was more important than it was at Abu Hureyra.

  C. Once early methods of herding animals improved, new economies were adopted.

  D. Many complex theories attempt to explain the early domestication of animals.

  如上文所講，句子簡化題的基本解題思路是句子結構分析，找句子主干。根據句意，該句可分為三部分：

  1、Many complex factors led to the adoption of the new economies，包含主謂賓，大體講述發生了什么事。

  2、not only at Abu Hureyra, but at many other locations such as Ain Ghazal, also in Syria, 講的是事情發生的地點，狀語成分。

  3、where goat toe bones showing the telltale marks of abrasion caused by foot tethering (binding) testify to early herding of domestic stock. where 引導的非限制性從句用來修飾前面提到的地點。

  這三部分的關系可以用一個例子形象的表達，男生趁著圣誕節向喜歡的女生表白，在萬達廣場，萬達布置的很漂亮。很明顯，這句話的關鍵在于男生的行動，而不在于地點以及地點是什么樣的。因此， Many complex factors led to the adoption of the new economies 表達的事情本身，就是基本信息，剩下的是次要信息。

  這里會有個問題，剩下的次要信息如何處理?是要全刪除么?剩下的次要信息可要可不要，如果要保留，則要保證表達正確(雖然被歸納為次要信息，但是很多次要信息其實并未被全部刪除，而是被縮寫)。因此對選項的判斷先看選項表達的基本信息，基本信息滿足后再看次要信息，判斷選項的過程也是對選項的進行主次信息區分的過程(其實，就做題經驗來看，能正確不遺漏的表達基本信息的選項基本就一個)。

  A 選項里的 complex factors led to new economies，基本信息沒有大的改變也沒有遺漏; A選項將剩余的信息進行了縮寫整合，原句的第二部分被改寫成了In many areas besides Abu Hureyra，原句第三部分則成了including the herding of domestic stock. 所以A完全滿足。

  B 選項，先看基本信息 domestic stock was more important than it was at Abu Hureyra，不符合。

  C 選項，Once early methods of herding animals improved, new economies were adopted，后半部分是對的，前半部分對應不上，也就是所謂的在重要方面改變了原義，不符合。

  D 選項，Many complex theories attempt to explain the early domestication of animals. 從以往的經驗來看，有的學生錯選 D，因為覺得跟 Many complex factors led to the adoption of the new economies在句式上很相似。但是 theories 對應不上 factors, early domestication of animals 對應不上 adoption of the new economies，所以不符合。通過分析可以看出，滿足基本信息的只有 A 選項。

  ? 注意 1：

  句子簡化題選取的往往都是結構復雜的句子，有同學會發現，剛剛例題是一個復合句，有主句有從句，基本信息所在的半句是包含主句主謂賓部分的句子主干，難道對于復合句而言找句子的基本信息意味著可以直接找主句句子主干(主謂賓或主系表)?且看下一例：

  TPO26 PASSAGE3(下載，請點擊：托福閱讀TPO1-49文本及下載)

  SUMER AND THE FIRST CITIES OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST

  A major development was the discovery, again about 3000 B.C.E., that if copper, which had been known in Mesopotamia since about 3500 B.C.E., was mixed with tin, a much harder metal, bronze, would result. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

  A.Also around 3000 B.C.E., it was discovered that mixing copper, known from about 3500 B.C.E., with tin would create a much harder metal known as bronze.

  B.Although copper had been known since 3500 B.C.E in Mesopotamia, the discovery of bronze did not occur until around 3000 B.C.E.

  C.Another major development around 3000 B.C.E. was the discovery that copper could be mixed with a much harder metal known as tin.

  D.The development of bronze by mixing copper and tin probably occurred around 3000 B.C.E. But may have happened as early as 3500 B.C.E.

  這個句子也是主從復合句，主句句子主干是 a major development was the discovery, 可是從意思上稍加理解就會發現，這幾個單詞并沒有表達什么有用信息，discovery 后面跟著的 that 從句內容才能真正表達 discovery 具體內容，才是更重要更基本的。這就好比，我要告訴你一個秘密，你滿心期待的是秘密的內容而不是“秘密”這個名詞。

  所以這個例題中，基本信息就成了 that 從句中的句子主干，而不是主句的句子主干， 也就是 if copper was mixed with tin， a much harder metal would result，剩下的是次要信息。這里需要注意，有的同學會發現，這里給出的基本信息與我們的分析相比多了條件句， 這是因為條件句或者說條件邏輯關系的內容在句子簡化題中往往得以保留。 對選項進行分析之后，只有選項 A 表達了基本信息，其他次要信息無誤。

  ? 注意 2：

  在區分句子主次這一思路下還有一個邏輯關系需要闡明，它與我們講的厘清句子信息主次息息相關： 讓步邏輯關系。

  TPO1 PASSAGE2(下載，請點擊：托福閱讀TPO1-49文本及下載)

  THE ORIGN OF THEATER

  For example, some early societies ceased to consider certain rites essential to their wellbeing and abandoned them, nevertheless, they retained as parts of their oral tradition the myths that had grown up around the rites and admired them for their artistic qualities rather than for their religious usefulness.

  Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

  A.A society's rites were more likely to be retained in the oral tradition if its myths were admired for artistic qualities.

  B.The artistic quality of a myth was sometimes an essential reason for a society to abandon it from the oral tradition.

  C.Some early societies stopped using myths in their religious practices when rites ceased to be seen as useful for social well-being.

  D.Myths sometimes survived in a society's tradition because of their artistic qualities even after they were no longer deemed religiously beneficial.

  這個句子從意義上可以分成上下兩部分，每一部分都含有主謂賓結構，那么如何確定句子的主次呢?細心的同學會發現這個句子中間有一個插入語neverthless(盡管如此)， 表達的是讓步邏輯關系，因此 nevertheless 前面表達的信息是一個讓步，后面的信息才是重點。 后面的半句含有一個并列結構 ,and前后連接了兩個謂語動詞共同構成謂語，調整語序后，后半句的句子主干是 they retained the myths as parts of their oral tradition and admired them，就是我們要找的基本信息，再加上表示原因(for their artistic qualities) 和 比 較(rather than for their religious usefulness)的狀語次要成分。

  選項分析：

  A 選 項 表 達 的 是 一 種 可 能 性(more likely, if)，而基本信息用一般過去時表達的是事實，所以不符合。

  B 選項 abandon it 錯誤，不符合。

  C 選項沒有表達基本信息，不符合。

  D 選項 survive 是對 retain 和 admire 的同義替換，后面跟著原因和比較，無誤。

  句子中的讓步邏輯關系，可以很好的體現出主次 關 系，常見的讓步邏輯關系引導詞有：however, nevertheless, nonetheless;although, even though, though;but, yet;despite, in spite of;.

  在剛剛上一題的句子里有兩套主謂結構，我們借助于 nevertheless 區分了兩套主謂成分的主次關系， 其實，nevertheless 是一個連接副詞，由它連接起來的是一個主從復合句。但如果兩套主謂成分間是用并列連詞 and 連接的，如何判斷主次呢?如果由并列連詞 and連接兩套主謂成分，則句子是并列句， 兩套主謂成分間沒有主次關系。在這種情況下，要準確表達原句的基本信息則需要表達清楚每一套主謂成分以及它們之間的邏輯關系。換言之，就是表達清楚邏輯關系以及構成邏輯關系的雙(多)方面，這是句子簡化題的第二種解題思路。

  ONLINE TEST

  ELECTRICITY FROM WIND

  Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines.

  Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

  A.Hawks, falcons, and eagles prefer to hunt along ridge lines, where wind turbines can kill large numbers of migratory birds.

  B.Wind turbines occasionally cause migratory birds to change their flight patterns and therefore may interfere with the areas where birds of prey prefer to hunt.

  C.Some of the best locations for large wind farms are places that may cause problems for migrating birds and birds of prey.

  D.Large wind farms in certain areas kill hawks, falcons, and eagles and thus might create a more ideal path for the flight of migratory birds.

  通過句義，該句可以分為上下兩部分，上半句講的是 wind farms 可能會影響 light patterns of migratory birds，下 半 句 講 wind turbines kill large birds of prey。有的同學不夠仔細，把兩種birds看成了一種，把and看成順承，認為 and 前后表 達因果關系，其實只要加分析就會發現原句說的是兩種不同的 birds，講的是 wind farm(wind farm 上有wind turbine)對不同 birds 造成的不同影響，and 前后表達的該是并列關系。這樣 and 前后連接的是地位相同的兩套主謂成分，沒有主次之分， 則正確選項只需要表達清楚它們之間的并列邏輯關系同時表達正確這兩方面的內容即可。可以優先用邏輯關系排除，再看邏輯關系的內容。

  選項分析：

  A 選項 where 引導的是修飾地點的定語從句，表達的是一種主從關系，不是并列關系，不符合。

  B 選項 and therefore，and 前后表達的是因果關系，不是并列關系，不符合。

  C 選項 可以簡寫為 locations for large wind farms may cause problems for migrating birds and birds of prey，locations for large wind farms分別對 migrating birds 和 birds of prey 產生影響，表達的是并列關系，且并列關系的兩方面也正確，符合。

  D 選項 and thus 表示 and 前后表達的是因果關系，不是并列關系，不符合。

  通過上面例子的分析，可以看出利用邏輯關系排

  除可以快速提高做題速度，那么除了并列邏輯關系，還有哪些邏輯關系沒有主次之分，可以實現類似的功能呢，常見的有：

  并 列 邏 輯：and, not only…but also, in addition to

  比 較 邏 輯：like, unlike, (not) as …as , than, as

  轉折邏輯： but( 注意與 but 引導讓步邏輯關系的

  區別 ), however(注意句間邏輯的情況), whereas, while，rather than

  因 果 邏 輯：because，for，since, as, therefore, thereby, thus , lead to, inspire, allow , reason

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